A

-a (Nom/Mid)  (nonproductive) object nominalizing suffix or middle {prob.  an old variant of *-ka¹ as found in modern Choctaw}  «Nokɬikis-li > nokɬikiich-a. To scare > to be scared.»  «Aayintolíhnafa amáakayok pahkabáanat. They were going to the job site whooping it up. (NWK)»
a- (Appl)  (nonproductive) verb stem derivational prefix typically adding an object  «Yosba > ayosba. To be lost > to forget.»  «Kostini > akostini. To be wise, intelligent > to know (something).»  «Kano > imakanoochi. To be good > to fix, tend, prepare for.»  «Hicha > ahicha. To see > to watch over.»
-aa (Pron) I  verb suffix indicating first person singular Control Subject in the future tense  «`Chastokon achihlaalak ommo', mankan. `I'm going to plant beans', he said. (RAF)»  «`Chaafin talbòolaalak ommo' mankan. `I'm going to fix the ax', he said. (RAF)»
aa- (GenLoc) at, to  verb stem derivational prefix indicating general location; derives nouns indicating the place where an action is performed Var: aay- before vowels  «Wakhachaahan `yon aachokòoliiha áhhìichaha nakaaɬánnàha' homankok. They said to Crane, `Sit here and watch him so he doesn't take off.' (RAS)»  «Himóɬɬachon aatitayyichòobok aasobòoli lapaaloson itachokóoⁿhchooton imiisafan máalon itachokóoⁿhchooton... Once there was an old woman who used to sit right beside the fire, she used to sit there in her house beside the fire. (RAS)»  «...ɬóokat maatakanáhhilok churchka-fakáalon aayìisat holisson sobáaylispotóobàapin... ...again we moved over there and that's where we were, still at the church building and we went to school there for some time. (NCS)»  «Itto notaamáɬɬon aasobaylit ìistilkan iissòoba impahchafóot aasobaylit ìistilkan... We had school under a tree or stayed under the porch of an old house. (NCS)»  «...aayintolíhnafa amáakayok pahkabáanat... They were going to the job site whooping it up. (NWK)»
-aaba (Modl)  verb suffix indicating an opinion or belief or that the speaker is asking for confirmation of a belief, as in tag questions  «`Nàasok híibilákkàaba' mankahchóot òmmok áffalìichoostóot ommoolo. `This thing doesn't look like it could kill me', he may have said, making fun of it. (MBF1)»  «`óochatíkkolooláabàa káasok.' It's not going to be too long, is it? (PMM)»  «Máamok somisfáhkaya, somisfáhkaya ishíichatoolaaba? Then the moss spinning outfit-you've seen that moss spinning outfit, haven't you? (PMB)»  «Màilok anchampóolilakkàaba. I don't think that (ice cream you mentioned) is going to taste good to me.»
-áahosi (Adv) almost  verb suffix indicating near completion of an (unrealized) event   [-ahi-osi] [lgr] Var: -áaⁿosi Var: -áaⁿhos- before apocopating suffixes  «Illáahosit illiilayok tikbakók `ankatipa alliilamoolo, challáahoso' immankatoha, aatikon. It was almost dead it was so hungry, so the fire said to the man, `feed me, I'm starving, I'm almost dead.' (MBF2)»  «Tikbakok aatiyon `ankatipa chanakaɬáaⁿhoso' mankan. The fire said to the man `Feed me, I'm almost gone.' (MBF1)»  «Paanifan oɬáaⁿhosifòokayok bássok, tammáaⁿhostik aɬíinat aɬíinat... He had almost gotten to the creek when he started getting weak and he almost fell down. (MBL)»  «Naho akkon akkamíhchit mottakitaskaafòokon ishohachibatláaⁿhosiikáhtíkko? When you made it known what happened weren't they about to whip y'all? (NIA)»
-áali (Modf) the one, the very, the same, the exact; one's very own, one's own self  suffix to pronouns, including demonstratives ya, ma, ka, akka and nouns after NLoc -fa, with particular meaning determined by what it is suffixed to  «Anaakáalo. My own self.»  «Himáakaya sáamòosin stamánnòokan stamánnòokalaak ommoolo máskat sobaytakkóomo sobaytákkobi himáakaya anáaliya. Now I don't know when my time will end, I myself don't know now when my end will come, I don't know. (NCS)»  «Akkon ibisnáalok talbòolimók stamaakahchommoolo. Then they made their own plans and used to carry them on through. (HPC)»  «íisan imiisafíinamon ohintállok ohintállin aalokòoli mók maafáalon imiyaanifaamáalon hotállok... When they built his real house for him and built the church too in the same place, on his own land they built it. (HPC)»  «Howiilit honahohchooti kaasáalok, akkáamostoolo. They would hunt for it and make it, but for only that same amount (of money). (PMB)»  «Maafaakon ittomáalit talkoossòoba iⁿsamatlikáhchon yamíhchit issáalichit... There is that same stick with the old knife sort of stuck in it and you scrape like this with it. (PTH)»  «Akkon iisan áɬkat homaɬatliista sáhkofòokayok askahíkkostáskat iisahayomáalotik ohitahoppolat anoostoolo. They were inside the house and were very afraid so they couldn't do anything and couldn't get out and were in there for a long time, so they had to defecate apparently. (HCW)»  «Somoyáalok yáhmit aɬɬatok atokláali ittootámmatlit aɬɬasta. One piece of moss goes this way then the next goes the opposite way, in and out. (PMB)»  «Indian-kayáalókkohchi tatkon ommitoolo íibitooma? That one wasn't an Indian but a white that he killed? (HAI)»  «...walìikayáalon maakok tanatlok waliikatóóóón... ...the very minute it took off that one came down and ran and ran... (MBL)»  «`Yáhmòosiyáalo íibilákkobi' mankáabíikatoha. `A l'il ole thing like this one couldn't kill me', he kept repeating. (MBF2)»  «∥óokat maakáalon yamíhchit yamíhchit istaɬat istaɬat atokláali akkamíichit akkamíichit anoslihchommihchoolikha. Now again, to that one do like this, do like this, weave something through it, weave it through (crossways) a second time do it; that's the way they keep doing it until it's finished. (PTH)»  «Onkatohatáskan aatik hoháalohchootohatáskat hosobáylistáskat akáaliiyon chokòolahiyon hobánkofòokayo. That's how they said it would be and the Indians heard it and knew about it and they didn't want anyone else living there. (HPC)»  «Atokláalit ɬóok kihchofakáalon maatáaɬok. Again, a second time, you put it back in that same mortar. (PBB)»  «∥óok maakáalon intoonolaot áalot naaɬiikáaposkáamon. Then again he asked to take his same job up again where he'd left off and he talked about it. (HAI)»  «Mootok aɬíinaamon aɬíinaamon mafòokamáalin iⁿɬopotloosiiyon church-kayok aalokooliyon tallifòokon maafaayon ɬóokat maatakanáhhilok church-kafakáalon aayìisat... Then later on, some time right afterward that same time, the Church built a churchhouse, then again we moved over there and that's where we were, still at the same church. (NCS)»
-àapi (Adv) really, very; but  verb suffix indicating emphasis or contrast, intensity, or duration, in subordinate clauses only or followed by copular -o<sup>4</sup> in an independent clause  «Hasikon itton isbatatlit alwahlilaak ommitok isbatatlàapin alwahíkkot yaafo ostistámmin. He was going to hit the sun against a tree and break it but although he really hit it against it, it didn't break but fell away over yonder. (RAS)»  «`Achihlilak iswìikahchommiti' homankàapin. `He was going to plant them (the beans) and he's over there doing it', that's what they said and he really was. (RAF)»  «...ɬóokat maatakanáhhilok churchka-fakáalon aayìisat holisson sobáaylispotóobàapin... ...again we moved over there and that's where we were, still at the church building and we went to school there for some time. (NCS)»  «Hátchaalàapok lokbahchommiima, solotkaskanóhchoolikha. If it stands for a little while and it's hot and sunny then it dries easily. (PTH)»  «Akkamíhchit kanochistóobasáaⁿpok líiphat líiphat anookat, solotkat anookáama. One does that for a long time real carefully then it's finished curing when it's finished drying. (PTH)»  «Kaanootoomok wíikasta ostistiⁿfáyhilàapin. McConico was still alive then so we did go to tell him. (NIA)»  «Máafon paatohnotík akkon hohochifáaposkáamon obaltámmin ommikha. But even though he pushed him and they even put his name down (on the ballot) he got behind. (NIA)»  «Eh, mikkóot John Scott-kootoomok illifòokan wíííkàapifòokan lókba námpooya òoɬahchon ommiti Chaali Tamsootoomon ohisíhchommikha ɬóokat. When Chief John Scott died they waited a long time, I don't know how many years went by before they elected Charlie Thompson again. (NIA)»  «Akkon oschókkòolit holissoot sobaylìichàapitík istimanooka máamòosin assaliikok nakaɬtikáas ilaabíikakha. He lived over there and taught school until his term was over, but then he got out and was gone and goes off. (HPC)»  «Ayaanáakàapo. It is sloping a little.»  «∥aɬon imokwàyliláapok ampiyaafobi. I did fish but had bad luck.»  «Chakàanobi, isnàapo? I'm fine, and you?»  «Hompaniiyok ponnàapi. He sure knows how to play.»
aati- (PlObj)  verb prefix typically indicating a plural third person object, often unspecified, or occasionally a third person unspecified subject Var: at-  «Mootok ómmok oɬafòokan tayyihakon ohiⁿfaylitáskan tayyihakon aatapoɬóokàasit illitoha, homankahchoolimpakha. Then, at that time, since he had returned, they let him have the two women, and so he had just gone to bed with them when he died, so they always used to say. (HCW)»  «Ifak amáakan aatimaatachakkiliton ibit hochíkkìiliifaamok paayoɬachiti. The dogs went and I followed them to where they had gone to kill (the animals).»  «Athapkahchi. Somebody is bathing.»  «Akkàilok aatíibilákkàaba. That thing couldn't kill anybody.»
-ahi (Asp)  verb suffix indicating probable or intended unrealized events Var: ai- in fast speech  «Samíhchaik hosobaykok nihtahchootok tankahchootok sobaykaitáskan máamòosin. How were they going to know when it was day or night, because they needed to know. (RAS)»  «`Hasi oslapaachaimok náksoolaitonka?', homankan. `Who is going to go put the sun up?', they said. (RAS)»  «Akkon solotkaikát aɬɬaamon sahlichit yamíichit yamíichit sahlichit akkamíhchikát iswíikat nákson solotkat lapáffiimon... That one that is beginning to get dry, scrape it, do this way, do this way, scrape it, keep doing like that everywhere there is a dry place sticking to it. (PTH)»  «Onkatohatáskan aatik hoháalohchootohatáskat hosobáylistáskat akkáaliiyon chokòolahiyon hobánkofòokayo. That's how they said it would be and the Indians heard it and knew about it and they didn't want anyone else living there. (HPC)»  «Nihtakanaaho. It's going to be nice today.»
-álpìisa (Modl) can, could, should, supposed to  verb suffix indicating ability, speaker desire or assessment of obligation or necessity  «...mok sáhkolahok hosankíhchálpíssóotoomoolín íisat ìisahchok ommoolo. Nothing would have happened then, they wouldn't have been able to do anything about it but then they lived here. (HAI)»  «...yáalon chókkòolit hayoyon chókkòolilahálpìisan mánkot... He could have lived here on the inside (of the reservation) but he did not. (HPC)»  «Stanòokamok stanòokamon maafòokaya aatimaakok hopakíhchihchálpìisatáskan ostanòokan aɬɬaamon... The last one, that aforementioned man (thought) he should be far away because that's the last one he's going after. (MBL)»  «Nákson sáhmit wíiskahchootoomok óyhan aⁿfatli, aⁿfatchihchálpìiso. Now tell me everything about how you used to live, I wish you would tell me. (NCS)»  «Eh, ten feet-kahchálpìiso, hobaskik ten feet-kan. Yeah, it's supposed to be about ten feet, ten feet long. (NSB)»  «Pokkotooliyáɬɬok hotooliikástóoⁿbat hotòohchálpìisaamok íksofòokon fayahtok onko. They kept on playing ball every now and then but then there weren't any people who could play so they quit. (NSB)»  «Sáhmoosálpìistok ommiya naho hospital-ka hátchàali maatiyáamòosin italókkòoliimok nahofan choyyi hislíffìina akkàamiyon naho chimaníisi hátchàalifìinan... However it is supposed to be, wherever the hospital was, just a little ways from there the poles were standing and the others, just about where the bunch of pines are standing, about where the gymnasium stands... (NSB)»
-áɬɬi  1.  (Modf) the exact, the exclusive, just, the mere, only, each, the particular  suffix on pronouns, including demonstratives ya, ma, ka, sa, akka and nouns, with the particular meaning determined by what it is suffixed to  «Akkáɬɬiiya intoliino pontoonichitok onáamilahotik nàasi nàasooli aa ii sikooli mok pontóonochihchómmok toknaawóotik íksooma poɬaalíibíikakha míntamon. That's the job they were going to make us keep working on all the time, something, the IEC(W) was making us work and when there was no money, they would lay some of us off from the job. (NIA)»  «Tayyimáɬɬok chokóotok obáalóot maatachakkitook nákson oswìikatóot ómmin. The wife was the only one staying behind and then she followed him wherever he had gone to stay. (HPC)»  «Máɬɬíiya istoiⁿlikitkáabíikakha. That's when they all started fussing at him. (NIA)»  2.  (Modl) only, exactly, every; alone  suffix on verbs and predicate nominals indicating modality 2ila Anaasáɬɬi It's mine alone.»  «Anáɬɬi. I'm by myself.»  «Finsiyaasáɬɬi. It's Vincent's alone.»  «Nihtalostóklohcháɬɬon amaltobahchi. I get paid every two weeks.»
<as> (Pron) you  second person plural (control) Subject verb infix for stems of shape...VV-ka or VC-ka [three active verbs ending in /ki/ or /ko/ follow this pattern as well, replacing the final /kV/ with /ka/ on analogy with the hundreds of active verbs ending in the suffix -ka] Var: <has> after sonorants and /k/  «Haɬapka > haɬapaska (/haɬap<as>ka/). Kick > y'all kick.»  «Achakki > achakhaska (/achak<has>ka/). Go with > y'all go with.»
-aski (Coll)  verb stem suffix specifying collective plural  «...ahachàahilaskista ahachàahilaskiton... ...we used to charge it, we would charge it... (NIA)» B

-ba (Imp)  verb suffix indicating polite (?) request  «Mooliya stonáamòosin istitaɬopotliba samíhchit talbòochihchootoomok onáamòosin máskat oopóofkat istaɬopotlihaba ostanoochimok oopofkat... Then just go through with the process, however you make the medicine, even the blowing, go on through with it until you finish blowing. (PMM)»  «Mooliya naho onaamíhchit nahoba óstaalìichit akkamíhchihaba yok intalwaayok nàahon námpohchooliimon. Then, uh, do it all, like it was, all of it, make it four, do it that way, have the chant with it, however many it is do it all. (PMM)»  «Himáakaya naho history-káhchon ɬóokat aⁿfatlihaba. Now then tell me again about the history. (HAI)»  «`áhhichataskaya ishohachiⁿfaytohata. Hasnok ommoolo. Oshichatokáhaba.' `They appointed y'all to watch over it. Y'all are the ones. You are the ones to go see about it.' (NIA)»  «Councilka lokoolíffìinamón aⁿfatlok istaɬɬaba. So start with the election of the Council and go on telling me from there. (NIA)»  «Sobáychiimok akkáamiyan aⁿfatliba. If you know about it, that's the kind of thing I want you to tell me. (NIA)»  «Iyyitikabá? Will you translate?»
-báana (Asp) already  verb suffix indicating perfective event Var: -bán (before apocopating suffixes in fast speech)  «...chokfik chóotlibáanan talikáɬɬon chakoffit chaafiháhpakon alwáhlin alwahlit... ...but the rabbit had already jumped off the rock and he just chopped the rock and broke the ax. (RAS)»  «Okik ɬopotloosibáanat anookaama, mok yámmimok ómmin. When the liquid finishes going through all of it already then it will be ready to be treated. (PTH)»  «Eh, `istíisibáanat mok istíisimootoolo' hokat `mikkomootoolo' homankat `ponchokóⁿhchonko', chintaata. Yes, `that one, he had already gotten it, so now he already has it,' they said, `he is the chief', they said, `he's sitting for us (in office)', your father. (NIA)»  «Mafòokaya poskooha sáwwa akkàamiya ayákhatíkkohchon ommin hótchòobabáanat maastìisan hìichalikha. At that time little children could not go near things like that and I saw the ones already grown attending off at a distance. (NWK)»
-bíika (Asp)  verb suffix indicating repetitive action   [recent auxiliary which optionally retains auxiliary inflection of a verb with a final -kV; negative -biíkko]  «∥akon aatik istàayaton nitakok ìisok istilitahkat hicháabíikatoha. The man carried an arrow which the bear took and kept stabbing himself with it to try it out. (MBF2)»  «`Yáhmòosiyáalo ìibilákkobi' mankáabíikatoha. `A l'il ole thing like this couldn't kill me', he kept on saying. (MBF2)»  «...imiisafaakon oɬaabíikok ìisat óyhaayok aati nàasi istalaami akkáamiyok... ...they kept coming to her house, they were all there, people, and animals like that... (RAS)»
-bíino (Cntrst) even though, despite Var: -bín (before apocopating suffixes) (?)  «óhochayon istíisat námpobíinok stíisastóobakha, óhchaamon. They did it for a long while, even though there would be several of them, it would take a long time, long ago. (PTH)»  «Máhmibíntoolo yók mafòokama. I imagine they did that then. (NSB)» C

cha- (Pron) I, me  first person singular (noncontrol) subject/object verb prefix Var: a- before the dative prefix im-  «chatammo. I fell.»
chi- (Pron) you  second person singular (noncontrol) subject/object verb prefix  «chitammo. You fell.»
<chi> (Pron) you  second person singular (control) subject verb infix for stems of shape...VCCV [roots ending in /yV/ or /hV/ that would be expected to take <s> or -chi follow this pattern]  «Tachilwo. You sang.»  «àaya > achìiya. Go around > you go around.»
-chi¹ (Cs)  verb suffix that derives causative stems or increases transitivity [the vowel before -chi¹ lenghtens if the penultimate syllable of the stem is light (CV)]  «Albina > albinaachi. Camp > to make camp.»  «Naaɬiika > naaɬiilichi. To talk > to talk about.»
-chi² (Repet)  (marginally productive) verb suffix that indicates inherently repetitive activities (such as repetitive noises or communicative events) and redundantly marks stems already marked for plurality  «Wininihlichi. To rumble.»  «Wotòolichi. To crunch with the teeth.»  «Wisisihlichi. To shake, quiver, tremble.»  «Achitìili > achitli > istachitlichi. To tie (SgObj) > to tie (PlObj) > to button up.»
-chi³ (Pron) you  second person singular (control) subject verb suffix for verbs of stem shape...VV] or...VC] or...VCV  «Batchiti. You whipped him.»  «Waliichichiti. You drove it.» F

-fa (NLoc) at, to; (the place) where  suffix on nouns (usually followed by -n) and verbs of complement clauses indicating general location for an action  «Ya nàahot tállàakafaakon akkon maachotlit ostámmistobatoomóskat... It was there where they had put that down, that's where he usually goes to jump down from... (MBL)»  «...iⁿwwiilit nákson ooɬopóttoofan iⁿwwiilistóoⁿbat sánkot ikhíichok taɬɬon ooɬopóⁿtlok wiilistóobàapok lapaat wiilistòobàapok ikhìichok. It was looking for where he had crossed the water and it kept looking and couldn't find out how and it crossed to the other side and looked and looked up and down the bank but it couldn't find it (the crossing). (MBL)»  «Stachitìilok iyánnimók yaafon achíttìikon yaafa achíttìikat ittofalaktok lókkòostaskan yaafaamok ostachitìilok yamíhchimon. Tie it down at the bottom all the way down here, it is tied down here, tie it all around those two forked sticks standing there, go and tie it, do it this way. (PTH)»
-fíhna (Adv) exactly, right, very, really; too  verb suffix indicating intensity, exactness or excessiveness of an event   [in ggr indicates `just about'] Var: -fíina Var: -fíh- before apocopating suffixes {from the verb ?fíhna}  «Hasi istitachókkoolìichikon stayakhaachistòobat stayakhaachistòobat stayakhaachifíinat anoomon. The sun was sitting there in it on the ground and he kept getting nearer and nearer until he was right up to it. (RAS)»  «Taɬafíinaimok ittok mootonkata ittofalakto yáamòosikáhchon ɬóokat lokoolìichok. Right when she's ready to weave, she'd stand it up, usually a piece of wood, a forked stick about so big. (PMB)»  «Eh, hotchatok iⁿhoopachihchóot máamin akkáamiima ilapalaastáskat naho ifakáhchóotík iⁿhoopachit akkahchóot aatiyoolin iⁿhoopachifíhtíkkot ifaya ibihchootoolimpahchooti. Yes, if they shoot him (the bear) and wound him, then if they do that then he gets mad, and then sometimes hurts the dogs, but he never hurts the people, but they used to always kill the dogs. (NHN)»
-fòoka (Temp) when, while  verb suffix marking a background clause as immediately preceding or overlapping with the action of the foregrounded clause   [prob. -fa-o<sup>3</sup>-ka<sup>2</sup>] [fgr]  «Tikbakon maastimaapittafòokon nàasikok maatassalìikok ontiyok abáskiyàalon ìilok maachotlihchootohatáskat máafaakon. ...when he took the fire and put it in the hole the thing came out and came toward them from up high there and went toward the place where he had been jumping. (MBL)»  «Hotobiilachifòokok hotobiilachiton máafàamon kosibok hachàalitóok... When they had burned it, poke weed came up there where they had burned it... (MBL)»  «Ilafòokayok `nàason sanchíhchilak onchi' mankan. When he came there he said `what are you going to do?' (RAF)»  «áachàason ohiⁿfayliton chókkòolit chokòolaifòokayon ìisayon ibisnáalok ohintállok iisa ittihokfan ohintallin chókkòotok chókkostóobàapok. They let him live right outside, he was going to live there, they built him his own house, they built him a log cabin, and he lived there for a long time. (HPC)» H

-ha¹ (NPl)  plural noun suffix (usually refers to humans)  «Máamin aatinaanihok pokkon ohisiimon istittiɬoolihchootoolo, tayyihak istitayapkayyok. Then the men would get the ball and they would chase each other, especially the women would be trying to take it away. (NSB)»  «Kan nita ɬooliha hoponnaya ohayákhatíkkotoolo. Then the ones that know how to chase bears would never get near them. (NHN)»
-ha² (Imp)  verb suffix usually indicating lack of immediacy expected in fulfilling the request; may also occur on verbs when reporting verbal coercion or fulfilled requests  «`Ankánnahholòosiha hachipaahachàalaalatoolo.' `Move a little away from me, I might step on you.' (RAS)»  «Ilatokáaha. Y'all come again.»  «Nàasot aⁿfátliha. Tell me something (in the future, e.g. over the phone).»  «Impoháaloha. Listen for it.»  «Kosòoma hissi okchákkohchon istamilaha? Would you bring me green onions (tomorrow)?»  «Intohnolaan atohnoliháamon intohnobi. I kept on encouraging him to work and he did.»  «...aatin oⁿyyówwan aatitóklon ilapihlihamóot ommitoolo, ilapihlok Austinka pínhóot. ...they called the tribe and picked two Indians, I guess they took them off to Austin. (HAI)»  «Ischilíitaliháamon onto. I kept on urging him to come and he came.»
-ha³ (Deic)  rare suffix on demonstrative roots referring to a previously mentioned participant  «Maha. That one.»  «Nákson ittocháhha maha hátchàalooli? Where is that tallest tree (that you heard about) standing?»
hachi- (Pron) you, y'all  second person plural (noncontrol) subject/object verb prefix  «hachitammo. Y'all fell.»
<hachi> (Pron) you, y'all  second person plural (control) subject verb infix for verbs of stem shape...VCCV [roots ending in /yV/ or /hV/ that would be expected to take <has> or -hachi follow this pattern]  «Tahachilwo. Y'all sang.»  «àaya > aachìiya. Go around > y'all go around.»
-hachi (Pron) you, y'all  second person plural (control) subject verb suffix for verbs of stem shape...VV] or...VC] or...VCV  «Bathachiti. Y'all whipped him.»  «Waliihachichiti. Y'all drove them.»
has- (Pron) you, y'all  second person plural (control) subject verb prefix for verbs of stem shape CV] [three irregular verbs (haalo, hicha, nochi) follow this pattern]  «haspati. Y'all ate it.»
<has> (Pron) you, y'all  second person plural (control) subject verb infix for verbs of stem shape...VVCV  «Choohaspa or choaspa. Y'all buy.»
-hchi (Asp)  verb suffix indicating unbounded action or state, either progressive, habitual, general/universal, or noninstantiated (i.e. gerundives)   [causes apocopation of certain suffixes] Var: -s or -si, frequently after -osi or -chi  «Hokahchootoolimpakha. And that's what they always used to say. (MBL)»  «Himàakaya talkoosak halokpahchoolaaho. The knife is going to be sharp from now on.»  «Sáhmit chókkoohchon onkatonka hayoyon àalok maatakinítkok híichalak. Crane wondered what he was doing sitting inside there so he peered in to see. (RAS)»  «Talwaliiyok ischinkáhnolihchi. I sing better than you.»  «Ehe, taɬahchi, somo taɬahchi. Yes, weaving, moss weaving. (PMB)»  «Nàasok íksofòokon íksokáamin assaliikahchíisaamon. When they didn't see anything happening one would apparently go out. (HCW)»  «Akkáhchókkota ommitoolo. ...but then it was not like that. (NSB)»  «Holiibaya kànkohchi. Stealing is wrong.»  «Russell-kaya chaahahchi. Russell is tall.»
hi- (Adv)  (nonproductive) verb prefix which forms temporal expressions, indicating the number of times event occurs  «hitokla. Twice.»
hii- (Pron) me  very rare verb prefix that seems to focus attention emphatically on the speaker and the speaker's opinion Var: hi-  «Hiiyaakáalo hinochilao. As for me I'm going to sleep.»  «Nàasok hiiⁿhoopáachilákkàaba. This thing couldn't hurt me.»  «`Nàasok híibilákkàabaa' mankahchóot òmmok áffalìichoostóot ommoolo. `This thing doesn't look like it could kill me,' he may have said, making fun of it. (MBF1)»
-hili (Pron) we  first person plural (control) subject verb suffix for stems of shape...VC] or...VV] or...VCV  «Bathiliti. We beat him.»
ho- (Dist)  verb prefix for third person distributive plural subject or third person indefinite subject Var: oh- before a vowel  «Hokahchootoolimpakha. And that's what they always used to say. (MBL)»
-holi (PlImp)  suffix on verbs with the shape...CVV-li, CVC-li,...VCV]  «`Ankánnahholòosiha hachipaahachàalaalatoolo.' `Move a little away from me, I might step on you all.' (RAS)» I

ibaa- (Comit)  verb suffix indicating the addition of an object which accompanies subject in performance of event with Var: ibaay- before vowels  «Unh, naho tatkóot ilabíikat aatapihómmaya aatohibaahompanitíkkohchootoska? Also, did the whites ever come over to play with them? (NSB)»  «Aatinaanihayon tayyihayon ohittibaayoompahchootoska? Did the men and women eat together? (NSB)»  «Eh, ohittibaayoompatoolo, óyhat ittibaatòolistaskaton. Yes, they ate with each other because they all played together. (NSB)»
ibii- (Loc)  verb prefix indicating location of event on the face or otherwise action pertaining to the face Var: ibiiy- before vowels  «Homma > ibiihomma. To be red > to blush.»
ichoo- (Loc)  verb prefix indicating location of event on or in the mouth or otherwise action pertaining to the mouth, or by metaphorical extension the rim of an opening Var: ichooy- before vowels  «Homi > ichoohomma. To be bitter > to have a bitter taste in the mouth.»  «Homma > ilichoohommachi. To be red > to apply lipstick.»
ik- (Neg)  verb prefix forming negative stems from roots of the shape CV [three irregular verbs (haalo, hicha, nochi) follow this pattern]  «Ipa > ìkpo (/ik-pa-o²/). Eat > not eat.»
<ik> (Neg)  verb infix forming negative stems from roots of the shape...VV-kV or...VC-kV Var: <hik> after sonorants and /k/  «Achakki > achakhíkko (/achak<hik>ki-o². Go with > not go with.»  «Kowaɬka > kowaɬíkko. Broken > not broken.»
il-¹ (Pron) we  first person plural (control) subject verb prefix for stems of shape CV [three irregular verbs (haalo, hicha, nochi) follow this pattern]  «Ipa > ilpa (/il¹-(i)pa/). Eat > we eat.»
il-² (Nom/Mid)  verb prefix deriving object or action nominals or marking a verb with root shape CV as passive middle [three irregular verbs (haalo, hicha, nochi) follow this pattern]  «Ipa > ilpa. To eat > be eaten, food.»
<il>¹ (Pron) we  first person plural (control) subject verb infix for stems of shape...VV-ka or VC-ka [three active verbs ending in /ki/ or /ko/ follow this pattern as well, replacing the final /kV/ with /ka/ on analogy with the hundreds of active verbs ending in the suffix -ka] Var: <hil¹> after sonorants and /k/  «Haɬapka > haɬapilka (/haɬap<il¹>ka/). Kick > we kick.»  «Achakki > achakhilka (/achak<hil>ka/). Go with > we go with.»
<il>² (Nom/Mid)  verb infix deriving object or action nominals or passive middles for stems of the shape...VV-ka or...VC-ka [three active verbs ending in /ki/ or /ko/ follow this pattern as well, replacing the final /kV/ with /ka/ on analogy with the hundreds of active verbs ending in the suffix -ka] Var: <hil¹> after sonorants and /k/  «Naaɬiika > naaɬiilka. To talk > language, speech, news, message, report, etc.»  «Haɬapka > haɬapilka. To kick > kicking, be kicked.»
ili- (Refl) oneself  verb prefix indicating action performed by, as well as directly affecting the agent Var: ilii-  «Ibi > ilibi. To kill > to commit suicide.»
ilt- (Dir) come and  verb prefix indicating cislocative Var: il- before consonants   [prob. from /ila-t]  «Wíhlit wíhlit ilsoofitoomon... One would look and look for it (the moss), bring it back, and put it down. (PMB)»  «Máaffìinamon akkok Tenneykahchok mok aɬíinamok àayat yáaliiyon ìilok ya aatin aatiltimbalaakatok. About that time then the one called Tenney came around here, came here where the Indians lived and he slept over with them. (HPC)»
im- (Dat)  applicative verb prefix indicating a nonaffected object such as recipients, goals, benefactive/malefactive, possessors of affected objects Var: assimilates to following consonants with variants in-, iⁿ-, il-, iw-, iy, and [ing-]; initial [i] is replaced by a preceding vowel  «Akkon ɬahlilikha mootoskan ɬahlilimókkohchommo chasakbak aⁿhoopasta. I did tan hides then but now I can't tan hide anymore because my arms ache. (PTH)»  «`Sáhmin ommitonkan hohachinnaaɬiikaimpati' homankaton. They said, `I don't know why but they want to talk to y'all'. (NIA)»
is- (Pron) you  second person singular (control) subject verb prefix for roots of shape CV] [three irregular verbs (haalo, hicha, nochi) follow this pattern]  «Ispati. You ate it.»
<is> (Pron) you  second person singular (control) subject verb infix for stems of shape...VV-ka or VC-ka [three active verbs ending in /ki/ or /ko/ follow this pattern as well, replacing the final /kV/ with /ka/ on analogy with the hundreds of active verbs ending in the suffix -ka] Var: <his> after sonorants and /k/  «Haɬapka > haɬapiska (/haɬap<is>ka/). Kick > you kick.»  «Achakki > achakhiska (/achak<his>ka/). Go with > you go with.»
ist- (Peri)  applicative verb prefix, to add or imply a peripheral object (including propositions) of the verb, such as an implement, or a container in which the direct object is located; derives nouns for tools and implements; irregularly derives causative stems for a few (lexically marked) verbs Var: is- before consonants Var: s- before consonants, fast speech  «Ilokfan aayampon istimmayyan ischoopalo. I sold the shirts for more than the pots.»  «`...sokchan hóokfak paanifan ostistachoomaachi' mankan. `...put me in a sack and throw me in the creek', he said. (RAF)»  «Máamòosin sokchon hokfit istilatakàalok istáɬɬatók paanifan istaɬíinatòolin. Then he put him in the bag and hung it (over his back) and he was on his way with it to the creek. (RAF)»  «Máamin aatinaanihok pokkon ohisiimon istittiɬoolihchootoolo, tayyihak istitayapkayyok. Then the men would get the ball and they would chase each other, especially the women would be trying to take it away. (NSB)»  «Dorcaskak talwalahon ischabanno. I want Dorcas to sing.»  «Afinapli > istafinapka. To open > key.»
ita- (Loc)  verb derivational prefix indicating action performed on the ground or by a fire Var: itay- before vowels  «Istitahachàalit sobilak innàahooma sobilon okcholotlìichok okchotlichit istállàalit ooyaapittahchommihchoolikha. As it is sitting there on the fire, if the person has any lye, she strains and strains it, and has it set out there and would always put it in. (PSF)»  «Akkon iisan áɬkat homaɬatliista sáhkofòokayok askahíkkostáskat iisahayomáalotik ohitahoppolat anoostoolo. They were inside the house and were very afraid so they couldn't do anything and couldn't get out and were in there for a long time, so they had to defecate apparently. (HCW)»
itta- (Loc)  verb prefix indicating action occurring between two objects   [prob. itti-a-]  «Máamok kapachiyókkoti pokko nahoⁿ, unh, nàasok poɬachíiyok istimoɬachi ittok hobáskihchok tóklot lókkòolin pokkon istittaɬopotliimáaɬok istibihchootoolo. [nhn]. I don't mean the racquet now, the ball, something, the poɬachi, they would take it, the one with the ball goes through those two long poles standing upright and that's how they win. (NSB)»
itti- (Recp) each other  verb prefix indicating action performed reciprocally by more than one agent  «Balkaamáɬɬok ittiⁿfatliimok hàalot balkatáaton ostistanòolok `moolo' mankamok `tof tof tof tof tof' homankahchi. They would lie down and tell them to each other and they would lie there listening until the person had finished and said `That's all' and then they would say (spitting) `ptui ptui'. (RAS)»  «Máamin aatinaanihok pokkon ohisiimon istittiɬoolihchootoolo, tayyihak istitayapkayyok. Then the men would get the ball and they would chase each other, especially the women would be trying to take it away. (NSB)» K

-k (Disc)  suffix occurring on nouns indicating a more central relationship to the proposition and on nonmain clause verbs indicating various discourse functions including identity of referent in a switch reference system  «Iishayootik ìisat Chahtakok ìisat ìisaton ìisatok nihtafíinat anóokan... But the Choctaws were holed up inside a house and stayed and stayed and the Alabamas were still there when daylight came. (HCW)»  «Hátchaalàapok lokbahchommiima, solotkaskanóhchoolikha. If it stands for a little while and it's hot and sunny then it dries easily. (PTH)»  «Akkamíhchit kanochistóobasáaⁿpok líiphat líiphat anookat, solotkat anookáama. One does that for a long time real carefully then it's finished curing when it's finished drying.»
-ka¹ (Nom/Mid)  verb suffix deriving object or action nominals or passive middle verbs or marking inherently middle verbs  «Batli > batka > isbatka. To whip > whipping/ to be whipped > whip, club, bat.»
-ka² (Deic)  noun suffix indicating the discourse status of proximal, known, prior mention; suffix on nonmain clauses indicating known information, reintroduced in the discourse   [lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems]   [prob. from /akka]  «Mootok ómmok oɬafòokan tayyihakon ohiⁿfaylitáskan tayyihakon aatapoɬóokàasit illitoha, homankahchoolimpakha. Then, at that time, since he had returned, they let him have the two women, and so he had just gone to bed with them when he died, so they always used to say. (HCW)»  «Máamòosin aatikok nita ibahimok aɬɬatoha. And so the man went to kill the bear. (MBF1)»  «Ittohíisliiyon ittochakáawakat híisliiyon iskasóolichit yamíichit yamíichit kayohlichit. Some trees standing there, the rough gnarly trees standing there, you rub against them, do this way, this way rub it back and forth. (PMB)»  «Chahtahaakok náasooton imakanoochiikat stíisafòokan híichatáskat `amaahilkaski!' homankok. Since they noticed that the Choctaws seem to be fixing something they said `Let's go!'. (HCW)»  «Naaɬiika chiⁿfatliliikok istammáaloolisti. That report I made to you, I guess I was right about.»  «óhchaako. Long ago.»
-ka³ (Frgn)  noun suffix on foreign loans that end in consonants, or stressed long vowels, or are one syllable [suffix does not take regular word-final accent]  «Sueka. Sue.»  «Austinka. Austin.»  «Mobìlka. (auto)mobile.»  «Marieka. Marie.»
-káhmi  1.  (Adv) sort of, kind of, like that, as if, just about, mainly  verb suffix modulating the effect of the verb   [prob. from /akkáhmi] Var: -káami Var: -ká, -káⁿ before apocopating suffixes  «Ooyíisok itton yamíhchit hachaalìichok intiilichiikát nàahok isɬahkamok nàahohchoolikha. Then they'd take it out of the water and this is the way they would stand up a stick and brace it and then they would have available a tool we used for scraping. (PTH)»  «`Ischakostínkokáhchooti bitliliimok' mankaabíika. `I always act crazy when I dance', he kept saying. (RAS)»  «Chichoba paapatliyáɬɬok ommin. Akkamiyáɬɬon híichalihchoolikha. Chichoba hopaapatlikáhmiyáɬɬon. They only put it on the horse, that's all I ever saw. They used to mainly put it on the horse. (PMB)»  «Mooliiya akkok stanóokamooliikáami? Well then do you think that's just about the end of the story? (PSF)»  «Akkon istíikbakáhmin nàahok ma ichossaakakon oohokfit yamíichit sannichit mìnton yamít sannichit... While it is still kind of warm then get that skin and put it in there, do it like this (twist it), wring it, and another one do like this twisting it. (PTH)»  «Taɬafíinaimok ittok mootonkata ittofalakto yáamòosikáhchon ɬóokat lokoolìichok. Right when she's ready to weave, she'd stand it up, usually a piece of wood, a forked stick about so big. (PMB)»  «Ittohochobat sáhmikáhtik waakayóolit stamaakahchoolikha. It didn't matter how big the logs were they would lift it and go off. (NWK)»  «Mók ommikáhchooti. I believe that is so. (NWK)»  2.  (Modf) for instance, for example, such as, and the like, in the manner of (a), like (a)  on nouns indicates the noun is an exemplar  «Nàason istitabititlìichit ittokáhchot istabititlìichit... They would weight it down with something, weight it down, for instance, with a piece of wood. (PTH)»  «Itto ittofalaktoyon hopáhkit hayweykafayáamikáamin hislichiyók istóoɬok. Some sticks, forked sticks, take them and stake them down as far away, for instance as the highway is (from the house). (PMB)»  «Míntamok stoochóotlit tayyihakáhchootok hoyaabanniimoohchoolikha. Some others would always jump down in the water with it and carry it over their shoulders in the manner of women. (NWK)»  «Eh, máamiimon naho chofkonikáamiya, hollokáhchókkootoolo? Yeah, well then, those bones and the like, weren't they sort of taboo? (NHN)»  «Naaniyáhmikáhchi. She can do anything a man can.»
-kha (RemPst)  main clause verb suffix indicating remote past tense of personal experience  «∥óok mìnton mìnton akkamíichit ohakkamíhchihchommihchoolikha. Again do another one, do another one like that and that's the way they always used to do it. (PMB)»  «Nàason samíhchit ishonaho alíilókkohchoolikha, akkamít anosliimon. We never did wonder about what they used it for when they finished making it. (PMB)»  «Hohátchalìichin akkáamit solotkaamon íisok ishòochihchommihchoolikha, máamok. They would have it stnding there and that's the way it would get dried and then they would take it and use it to pound with. (PSF)»  «Akkon ɬahlilikha mootoskan ɬahlilimókkohchommo chasakbak aⁿhoopasta. I did tan hides then but now I can't tan hide anymore because my arms ache. (PTH)»  «...stapakfóotkat chòobàasiiyan hotállahchoolikha. They used to go around it, setting out a big fence. (NWK)»  «Chapasáaloosifòokok wìikalihchoolikha. When I was a little bitty boy I used to live there. (NWK)»
-ki (Neg)  verb suffix forming negative stems from roots of the shape...C],...VV], or...VCV]   [final stem vowel of VCV] stems apocopates before -ki]  «Batatli > batàtko (/batat-ki-o²/). Hit > not hit.»  «Waliilichi > waliikìicho (/walii-kìi-chi-o²/). Drive > not drive.»
<ki> (Neg)  verb infix forming negative stems from stems of the shape...VCCV] or...VVCV]   [infixes after head of penultimate syllable and assumes the length of the vowel of the penultimate syllable]  «Talwa > takìlwo (/ta<ki>lwa-o²/). Sing > not sing.»  «Choopa > chokìipo (/cho<kii>pa-o²/). Buy > not buy.»
-kítta (Modf) the late, the former  noun suffix which often marks references to deceased individuals in historical narratives  «Willy Holdakíttok wìikatáskan... The late Willy Holder was living then. (NIA)»  «Yostifakítton kanahhilitoha. We moved away from Houston.»
-ko (QCnf)  verb suffix used to ask for confirmation of an immediately preceding statement; the identity of a previously mentioned noun may be confirmed by suffixing -o¹ first  «Antoonichòobootoomokoⁿ? Old Antone? (NIA)»  «Uh, akkokoⁿ? Imayitikaⁿ? Oh, that one? The interpreter? (NIA)»  «Chiyanhaako? Oh, your fever went away?» L

<l>¹ (Nom/Mid)  verb infix deriving object or action nominals or passive middles for verbs of root shape...VVCV]  «Choopa > choolpa. Buy > bought, sale.»
<l>² (Pron) we  first person plural (control) subject verb infix for stems of shape...VVCV  «Choolpa-ti. We bought it.»
-la (Asp)  verb suffix indicating an irrealis event   [may be the medial form of -laha, since the distinction from -lo is neutralized before a vowel]  «`Chastokok nàahompan amitabáalhachin ìipalak àayalaimpo' mankan. `There are some beans, I see, and y'all will cook them for me and I will eat them and be on my way.' (RAF)»  «Akkáamilaan akkok bíknoyáaliiyon iyaanin ohiⁿfaylifòokok tatkayok íkson nàasok íkson aatimíntakáhchi tribe-kóot chokòokolaon óonkafòokayon... That's the way it was going to be, that one (the reservation) before that time when they let them have the land, there were no whites, there was no one, no other kinds of people or tribes could live there, that's how they said it was going to be. (HPC)»  «Intoliinon homankafòokan iyyamiitaasiikat aamaamáakahchoolakha. Whenever they said `work' they got excited about going there. (NWK)»  «Amaatiha óyhaayon amaatiha ìisaayon káanoosin ìisaayon imáppìilaalak ìisaayon imáppìilaalak. I want to help all my people living here well, I will help them... (SCS)»  «Tayyihak pokkon íisitok aatinaanin ostínkok ichóot ibilan onkatoofòokan amaakatoomok. The women have the ball and give it to the man, telling him to kill a deer and they would go off. (NSB)»
-laha (Asp)  word final verb suffix indicating an irrealis event Var: -laa if followed by a suffix   [the distinction between -laha, -lahi, and -laho is neutralized before a vowel initial suffix]  «Kanolaha. It's going to get better.»  «Lokòokalàa. It's going to be a meeting.»  «Yan tayyihatóklohchon ohiⁿfaylilaak onkatóon ommin. They were going to let him have these two women. (HCW)»  «Bíkno aalokòolichòobootoomok hachàaliiyok bíknòosin mootoomok tatkayok ilchokòokoláat ommitoolin. Before the old church house was standing, a little before that, it used to be that whites were not going to come live here. (NPC)»  «...aatiyok ohaláykolaan hokastóoban. The Indian (leaders) kept telling them not to touch it. (HAI)»  «Himàakaya istiltootammihchíisalaatoolo. I guess nowdays they would probably go fall in the water. (NWK)»
-lahi (Asp)  medial or final verb suffix indicating an irrealis event Var: -lai   [poss. -la-ahi]   [the distinction between -laha, -lahi, and -laho is neutralized before a vowel initial suffix]  «Pokkok isbakahkat akki lókkòoliiyon ɬopotliláhi ilkok aatik pokkon íisit isɬopotlichi ilkok sáhchi? Do you throw the ball between the goals or does the one with the ball carry it through or how is it? (NSB)»
-laho (Asp)  medial or final verb suffix indicating an irrealis event Var: -lao   [poss. -laha-o<sup>3</sup> or -la-ahi-o<sup>3</sup>]   [the distinction between -laha, -lahi, and -laho is neutralized before a vowel-initial suffix]  «`...mikkon imonnaaɬaalahoolin anok chabánkohchon sokchon hokfit ishochachókkòolìichihchommo.' `They want me to become the chief's son-in-law but I don't want to so they put me in a sack and left me sitting.' (RAS)»  «Akkáɬɬiiya intoliino pontoonichitok onáamilahotik nàasi nàasooli aa ii sikooli mok pontónnochihchómmok toknaawóotik íksooma poɬaalíibíikakha míntamon. That's the job they were going to make us keep working on all the time something, the IECW was making us work and when there was no money, they would lay some of us off from the job.»  «Aatisbisnoolilaahoⁿ? They were going to be their own, the Indians'? (NIA)»  «Mootok màakaya nàasi míntahchon chimaalochilao. So then now I'm going to ask you something different. (NWK)»  «Máamin hopobatlilahotoolo. Then they were going to whip us supposedly. (NIA)»
-li<sup>1</sup> (VExt)  verb stem extender added to neutral verb stems that end in a consonant or a long vowel when no other level one suffix is added to satisfy the Verb Frame Var: assimilates to certain preceding consonants with variants -mi, -ni, -wi, -ɬi, -fi, -bi; apocopates freely before apocopating suffixes where other phonological constraints are not violated  «Chakaffi. To chop.»  «Chokòoli. To sit.»  «Yimmi. To believe.»
-li<sup>2</sup> (Pron) I  first person singular (control) subject verb suffix  «Choopaliti. I bought it.»
<li><sup>1</sup> (Nom/Mid)  verb infix deriving object or action nominals or passive middles for verbs of root shape...VCCV] [roots ending in /yV/ or /hV/ that would be expected to take <l> follow this pattern]  «Hosso > holisso. To write > book, writing, be written.»  «Chaaha > chaliiha.
<li><sup>2</sup> (Pron) we  first person plural (control) subject verb infix for stems of shape...VCCV] [roots ending in /yV/ or /hV/ that would be expected to take <l> or -hili follow this pattern]  «Takcho > talikcho. Rope > we rope.»  «àaya > alìiya. Go around > we go around.»
-lo (Asp)  verb suffix indicating probable future event, found frequently in quotations   [distinction from -la neutralized before a vowel]  «Toknaawasóot pobannaimon `nihtalosmíntamon altobatilkalo, akka apohachaalìichiya' mankaton. When we wanted a little money we would say `we'll pay next week, charge it to us'. (NIA)»  «Champolon talbòolilok stilaalo lokòohiliimon. I'll make candy and bring it when we meet.»  «Immayyachitaskalo áalolo. I expect y'all to win.»  «Ilchitámmok chiⁿhoopalo mankaláapiti. I told you you were going to fall and hurt yourself.»
-loho (Imp)  verb suffix indicating a command Var: -lòo  «`ɬóokat maatokaamáhlin ostìisok ankat ispalòo.' `Again you will go to the south and get one to feed me with.' (MBF2)»  «`Ta! nàason stassaliiskaimóok istassaliiskaalòo' mankok. `Ok, whatever you want to bring out you bring out', he said. (RAF)»  «`Ichóot nàasóot ómmiimon akkáhchon isbiloho, akkáhchon istislalòo' hokaafòokok. `Deer or anything else, you kill that kind and you bring that kind', they would say to him. (NSB)»
-loolo (Asp)  verb suffix indicating strong assertion regarding a future event   [prob. -lo-ooli-o<sup>3</sup>]  «Immayyachitaskaloolo alíilobi. We expect y'all to win.»  «`Sáhkoloolo maahinaatàa' homankàamon. `Nothing will happen, lead us there', they kept on saying. (MBL)»  «`Chokfi, Chokfi maasⁿkaloolo, tahachilwàamok' mankan. `Rabbit, Rabbit y'all will say whenever y'all sing' he said. (RAS)»  «Choospatíkkoloolo. You won't buy it (implies `shouldn't').» M

-ma  1.  (Sbjnct) would, if, whenever  subjunctive verb suffix indicating hypothetical or irrealis actions or other noninstantiated events; noun suffix indicating an unknown, nonspecific or generic participant   [lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems]   [from /ma]  «Istitahachàalistóobàapok libatkatonkáamon... It would stay on the fire like that for a long time until it was cooked. (PBB)»  «Indianka yáalókkohchi tatkon ommitoolo íibitooma? It wasn't an Indian but a white that he killed? (HAI)»  «`Chibánnaama isnok ommi' mankan. `If you want, you can be the one', he said. (RAF)»  «`Màakaya chinkanoomok ommoolo' mankok... `Now this would be good for me' he said. (RAF)»  «...isiimok istilaamok ilpiɬkok ɬoykaamok akkamíhchistòobasàapok... He would get one and bring him back and put him down and go back and he kept on doing that way many times. (MBL)»  «Ooyíisok itton yamíhchit hachaalìichok intiilichiikát nàahok isɬahkamok nàahohchoolikha. Then they'd take it out of the water and this is the way they would stand up a stick and brace it and then they would have available a tool used for scraping. (PTH)»  «Mok chalakíkbooma mok liphaama solotkat anookama liphaama chalakíkbot solotkat anookaamon. But if it didn't get stiff, then it's cured, when it finishes drying and it's soft, not hard, then it's through drying. (PTH)»  «Sokhaniya istilpak anooma. It would be eaten up along with pig cracklins. (PBB)»  «Máskan Presbyterian-kayok iyaani yáhmit óochat hayo aboolis hayon pínhan íilamókkohchóot ommitok... Then I suppose the Presbyterians would never have come way out here in the sticks, way out in the middle of the woods here, but... (HPC)»  2.  (Deic) some, any, a, the alleged, the supposed  «Okimon ɬóok stohitahachaalìichok... Some water again put it on the fire. (PBB)»  «Waakisbakkomon hayíimossobaafon ohochókkolìichiisan híichalin. I found the (allegedly the same) bull's head in the big swamp where they had apparently put it. (NIA)»  «Ohíibok isbakkomon holomhiisan akkon oolomhiisan. They killed it and they must have hid the head there, hid it in the water. (NIA)»  «Aatinákson ibitoolo? Aatiholchifaamok? Who was it that he killed and what was his name? (HAI)»  «Nákson ittocháhhafìinàama hátchàalooli? Where is that (supposedly) tallest tree standing?»
-máaɬi- (Modl) must, would; just, only, merely  verb suffix indicating the only likely outcome under the circumstances   [from adverb /máaɬi `only, just']  «Nàasok aksobaachitok míntooliisok maatassalìikok ontitoomàaɬok. That thing made a noise and it was something different from what they expected that came out and started to come toward them. (MBL)»  «Eh, máamòosin liphaama káanòosit ɬahkatoomáaɬok. Yes, then if it's all fine-textured it was cured right. (PTH)»  «Iyaaniyáɬɬok intalàakatoomáaⁿɬin íisastóobasàapok intohnot ibisnáalok holihtóot tallichit náasóot achihlit oompayáɬɬok. They just had that land that was set aside, but that was all and they lived a long time like that, they worked, they built for example fences themselves, they planted things that they ate all the time. (HAI)»  «`Antachilwaamáaɬon,' chokfikok, `bitlaalaatoolo', mankan. `If y'all will sing for me', said the rabbit, `I'll dance.' (RAS)»  «Yáalon pàlkot íkson chichoba paachíikàasimáaɬitáskan atookóolit. There was no train here, all there was was just to ride horseback, so he took a shortcut. (HPC)»  «Máamok kapachiyókkoti pokko nahoⁿ, unh, nàasok poɬachíiyok istimoɬachi ittok hobáskihchok tóklot lókkòolin pokkon istittaɬopotliimáaɬok istibihchootoolo. [nhn]. I don't mean the racquet now, the ball, something, the poɬachi, they would take it, the one with the ball goes through those two long poles standing upright and that's how they win. (NSB)»
-máami (Adv)  (very rare) verb suffix   [from /máhmi]  «Aati agentka hachàalilímmòonootoomáamok Samuel Roekahchootoha. The first Indian agent that served here, his name was Samuel Roe. (HAI)»
maast- (Dir)  verb prefix combining the semantics of maat- and ist-, indicating an action performed at a distance involving or implying a peripheral or oblique object, such as a container that the affected object is in   [prob. from maat-ist-] Var: mas- before a consonant Var: mast-  «Maatohno > maastohno. To send > to send a letter.»
maat- (Dir)  verb derivational prefix indicating object is at a distance from the subject or subject of an action is at a distance from the speaker Var: maa- before consonants   [poss. related to demonstrative /ma or /maachi]  «Amáakastóobáapin `maahopoɬoolilaatoolo'. They must have been gone for a while when they said, `they might chase after us'. (HCW)»
-mahilo (Modl)  verb suffix indicating speaker's strong belief in the likely result of a hypothetical action, also used in tag questions requesting confirmation of a belief  «Ya mikko lokòolifòokon lokoohachìichifòokon 1936-káffìinotóskamailo? Then y'all elected the chiefs and then it was about 1936 when they were installed, wasn't it? (NIA)»  «Chaali Tamsootoomok illiifòokan mìnton lokoohachichihch ommitoskamailo? When Charlie Thompson died you all elected and installed another in his place, didn't you? (NIA)»  «`Yáhmoosin istassaliikalitok ommo. Maayáffaasot hotáahaasot stachoopiɬiskatoomáilok nàasisáhtik istassaliikalaatoolo', chokfikok mankan. `This is how I came out. If you were to throw me farther out there closer to the middle, I could come out with everything', Rabbit said. (RAF)»
-máɬɬi (Adv) ever, always, whenever; never, only (?); to be ready to  verb suffix indicating a customary activity   [prob. -ma-áɬɬi]   [lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems]  «Akkáhchi nàasi óochafatliiya nihtaya fátkohchootaamáɬɬon himayaamiiya nihtatik hofatlihchooti. That's the way it is with the old stories, they didn't ever use to tell them in the daytime, but nowdays they tell them in the daytime. (RAS)»  «Balkaamáɬɬok ittiⁿfatliimok hàalot balkatáaton ostistanòolok `moolo' mankamok `tof tof tof tof tof' homankahchi. They would ever lie down and tell them to each other and they would lie there listening until the person had finished and said `That's all' and then they would say (spitting) `ptui ptui'. (RAS)»  «Holissóotik choopamáɬɬit íistilkatoolin. We bought our own books, that's how we did it. (HAI)»  «Chalbin istoonahlilimáɬɬon hoopamóohchooti. Whenever I reinjure my hand it hurts real bad.»  «Màakaya ohintoonomáɬɬóot oompamaaɬóot oompat nàasootík mottakiichiimok oompat íistook. Now they have to work somewhere else in order to eat, they have to find things to eat and get food to eat. (HAI)»  «Tayyimáɬɬok chokóotok obáalóot maatachakkitook nákson oswìikatóot ómmin. The wife was the only one staying behind and then she followed him wherever he had gone to stay. (HPC)»  «Oolimpaya alpiso oolimpaimáɬɬoolo. The food is ready for us to eat.»
-mo (Modl) yet, whenever  verb suffix indicating past subjunctive (hypothetical perfective?); negative verb suffix indicating the action hasn't happened yet   [lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems; causes negative stem accent to shift to the final -o<sup>2</sup>]   [poss. -ma-o<sup>3</sup>]  «Tanowwastóobàapok sáamòosin stimálpìisaamo ɬooyohkat ilachit. They'd be gone for a long time and whenever they had had enough they would come on back. (NHN)»  «Himàakaya sáamòosin stamánnookan stamánnookalaak ommoolo maskat sobaytakkóomo sobaytákkobi himáakaya anáaliya. Now I don't know when my time will end, I myself don't know yet when my end will come, I don't know. (NCS)»  «Akkok iksóomofòokaya binafkachikáhmiya oittimapíilastobahchoolikha. Before that existed around here, they always used to help each other with things like plowing. (NWK)»  «Aayampon aasihtakkóomobi. I haven't washed the dishes yet.»  «Nàasok iⁿsáhmin ommitoolo staɬíinayooliyok istoɬkóomot? Whatever happened to him while he was on his way when he hadn't gotten to the creek yet? (RAF)»
-mooli (Adv) very, really  verb suffix indicating intensity of action   [prob. ma-ooli]   [optionally (?) lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems]  «Kanoomoolo. Thanks a lot.»  «`Ankatipa, alliilamoolo, challáahoso' immankatoha. `Feed me, I'm starving, I'm almost dead', he said. (MBF2)»  «Hoɬkayok aatapiihomma imilpafíinamootooli. That sofkey used to be a real meal for the Indians. (PSF)»  «Chalbin istoonahlilimáɬɬon hoopamóohchooti. Whenever I reinjure my hand it hurts real bad.»  «Kolkohkak tokaaliimooti. The thunder really crashed.»
-móska (Purp) so, in order to  verb suffix indicating the purpose clause of consecutive actions   [-ma-o<sup>4</sup>-ska]  «Aatok maatibit aɬɬaton nàasok sobóoⁿliisan maahíichok aɬɬaton oɬatoomóskan. A man went hunting and saw something apparently smoking in the distance so he went in order to get to it. (MBF2)»  «`Itton maamaahilichaskiimóskat koloffit maamaahilichaskiimóskat ishilaskiloolo' homanko. `We are going to have to cut down the tree, we are going to have to cut it down in order to get him', they said. (RAS)»  «Haatoliiyan ononkaliikalitomóskat staⁿɬakoffiichok chatammiti. I climbed the steps, missed it and fell.»  «...náaskanohchooliisan máamòosin maatímmayyasin maalimitkatomóskan aliilamooliisan maatìisok... It seemed to be something good so he went and swallowed a little more and it was real good so he drank it again... (HAI)»
-mpa (Evid)  reportative verb suffix indicating that the assertion is based on what someone has said; can occur on main clauses  «`Mánko, allibathachaimpo' mankan. `No, y'all are supposed to cook them for me', he said. (RAF)»  «Aati boykahchok wìikaton chokfok ilatoolimpati. There once was a man who was hoeing when a rabbit apparently came by. (RAF)»  «...nahot sahkachit anookatooma liphaimok achikíibohchoolimpakha. If it's been scraped real thoroughly then it's not hard to cure, I'm told. (PTH)»  «`Sáhmin ommitonkan hohachinnaaɬiikaimpati' homankaton. They said, `I don't know why but they say they want to talk to y'all'. (NIA)»  «Hiplik chihbichimpati Californiafon. The snow is getting deep in California, they say.»  «Achakkilaimpan amáalochiti. He asked me to go with him.» N

-n (Disc)  suffix occurring on nouns indicating a peripheral relationship to the proposition and on verbs indicating various discourse functions including switch of referent in a switch reference system  «Naho ibisnóok naho nákson istállaakat oompahchontoha homankan háalolihchootook onkalo. Then they were sitting somewhere over here and they themselves would eat, I heard them say. (NSB)»  «Aatok maatibit aɬɬaton nàasok sobóoⁿliisan maahíichok aɬɬaton oɬatoomóoskan. A man went hunting and saw something apparently smoking in the distance so he went in order to get to it. (MBF2)»
-nàa (Modl)  verb suffix that marks a question that is in response to a previous remark by the addressee regarding a future action about which the speaker has certain expectations or which politely corrects an assertion about a past event   [prob. -na]  «`Chintalilwaitonkanàa,' homanko. `Oh, are we going to sing for you?', they said. (RAS)»  «`Sáhmi mankat chintalilwaitonkanàa?' homanko. `How are we supposed to sing for you?' they said. (RAS)»  «Chakàanobi, isna chisáhminàa? I'm fine, how are you?»  «Ponkatispaitonkanàa? Oh, did you say you were going to feed us?»  «Chiyahkílkonàa? Didn't we walk? (correction to a remark).»
-ni (Modl) should, ought to, supposed to; supposedly, supposed to have  verb suffix indicating obligation or an event that was believed or intended to occur, whether it did or not; also used to offer a counter suggestion   [lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems]  «Chiyahkílkoni? Why don't we walk? (in response to a suggestion to drive).»  «Nákson oshashíichaani? Who were y'all supposed to go see? (NIA)»  «Ehe, mikkon yáɬɬon hohichahchoolíini. Yes, they were supposed to look up to the chief alone. (NIA)»  «Hopobatlilahotoolíini hopobátkokha. They were supposed to beat us up but they didn't. (NIA)»  «`Antahachílwani', chokfikok mankan. `Y'all should sing for me', he said. (RAS)»  «Oh, akki waaknaani ohíibitoomoni? Oh, that was the bull they killed, huh? (NIA)»  «Tatka iwwaakoolìini? Did the cow belong to a white? (NIA)»  «Máafoni? Oh, theirs, huh? (NIA)»  «Yáafaayoní? Was that it?/Is it here?»  «Iltochíinoni. Do your work first.»
-nnàha (NegImp)  verb suffix; unlike with other imperatives the verb is inflected for person, but is not marked otherwise as a negative stem   [causes high tone on preceding vowel (ggr?)]   [prob. ggr of -nàa] Var: -nnàa  «Wakhachaahan `yon aachokòoliiha áhhìichaha nakaaɬánnahàa' homankok. They said to the Crane `sit here and keep watch and don't let him get away'. (RAS)»  «Aksobaataskánnàa! Don't make noise!»
nok- (Loc)  verb prefix indicating location of event on or in the throat or otherwise action pertaining to the throat, or by metaphorical extension, the emotions  «nokhammi. To be in a rage at.»  «noksìilichi. To pierce the throat of an animal to drain the blood.»
noo- (Loc)  verb prefix indicating location of event on the neck or otherwise action pertaining to the neck Var: nooy- before vowels  «Chakaffi > noochakaffi. To chop > to chop off at the neck.»  «Oksatli > nooyoksatli. To swell > to have swollen neck glands, as with mumps.» O

-o¹ (Det)  suffix on nouns generally indicating information status in the discourse  «Tanahlok amaakatok Chahtahaakok náasooton imakanoochiikat istíisafòokon híichataskat `Amahilkaski!' homankok. They got out and went over there and they noticed that the Choctaws seemed to be fixing something so they said `Let's go!'. (HCW)»
-o² (Neg)  verb suffix to the ultimately derived stem in negatives  «Batli > bátko. To hit > not hit.»
-o³ (Asp)  verb suffix indicating perfective events; can occur on main clauses and often used on nonfinal clauses to indicate sequencing of events Var: -bi after /o/  «`Isnon chibilo àaloliti' mankan. `I thought I had killed you', he said. (RAF)»  «`Yáhmòosiyáalo íibilákkobi' mankáabíikatoha. `A l'il ole thing like this couldn't kill me', he kept repeating. (MBF2)»  «Chabapisiilo. He became my friend.»  «Ya mikko lokòolifòokon lokoohachìichifòokon 1936-káffìinotóskamailo? Then y'all elected the chiefs and then it was about 1936 when they were installed, wasn't it? (NIA)»  «Tanahlok amaakatok Chahtahaakok náasooton imakanoochiikat istíisafòokon híichataskat `Amahilkaski!' homankok. They got out and went over there and they noticed that the Choctaws seemed to be fixing something so they said `Let's go!'. (HCW)»
-o⁴ (Cop)  marks rheme/focus on nouns or verbs Var: -oo  «Paanifóot onkoomok akkáamiifon piɬɬon áɬkat istittanówwatók Chahta imoolamok Chahta imoolóot ommitoolo. They were going around in a boat on a creek to what was supposedly the Choctaw town and it was the Choctaw town. (HCW)»  «Akkáhmoosot ommoolo four feet-kafìinot onkoomok. I guess that's about four feet wide. (NSB)»  «Ifakóo. There's the dog. (if you forgot about it).»  «Ifóok. There's a dog. (a strange dog).»
-oka (PlImp)  suffixes to verbs with a final -kV, replacing the -kV  «Tooɬoka! Run!»
-ókko (NegCop)  verb suffix used in focus constructions to indicate `it is not the case that'; can be used to contradict an assertion or in the sense of a tag question seeking affirmation; suffixed to nouns to mean `it is not N'   [prob. the negative of the auxiliary oo-li or from -o⁴ and a negative auxiliary]  «Somoya háatkayon nákson atákkaabáanahchókko? You know about the white moss that's hanging all over, don't you? (PMB)»  «Máamòosin nitachóobakok hímmahkókkohchon waliikat ɬopotlin hotchatok itamaalichitoha. Then the biggest bear lumbered slowly past the man and he shot at him and knocked him down. (MBF2)»  «Eh, máamiimon naho chofkonikáamiya, hollokáhchókkootoolo? Yeah, well then, those bones, weren't they taboo? (NHN)»  «Eh, nita ɬooli ponnókkooma yok máamakíilot imoɬahchóot imoɬahchóot máamiima máamifòokamon batatlóostik kowaɬɬit ibihchootoolo. If he (the dog) doesn't know how to chase bears, isn't aware of them, and would maybe come right up to it, if that happens the bear might just swat him and it will break him and kill them. (NHN)»  «Máamok kapachiyókkoti pokko nahoⁿ, unh, nàasok poɬachíiyok istimoɬachi ittok hobáskihchok tóklot lókkòolin pokkon istittaɬopotliimáaɬok istibihchootoolo. [nhn]. I don't mean the racquet now, the ball, something, the poɬachi, they would take it, the one with the ball goes through those two long poles standing upright and that's how they win. (NSB)»
-oko (Imp)  verb suffix, may be used in conjunction with the PlImp to exhort  «Oɬachiifòokayok oolakanota `oolakanotohat maatilhíichaskoko' homankok. When they arrived there, there was peace, so `since there is peace, let's go see them' they said. (HCW)»  «Oompoko! Eat!»  «Oompatokoko! Eat y'all!»  «Wilo iⁿhakchíisan háaɬoko! Put on your boots!»  «Nákson aɬchiyahchiⁿ aⁿfátloko! Tell me where you're going to go (e.g. to a teenager as a general rule about hypothetical actions).»
-ona (Cust)  verb suffix indicating customary activity; with derived nouns, customary object nominal Var: -oona   [when preceded by -ma can take the ggr to mean `first Verbed', that is, the first occurrence of what will be a customary activity]  «Aati agentka hachàalilímmòonootoomáamok Samuel Roekahchootoha. The first Indian agent that served here, his name was Samuel Roe. (HAI)»  «Mikko ayaachímmòonootooma... The first two chiefs to go... (HAI)»  «Aɬchiyámmoonatoomok... When you first became..»  «...nàahómmóonafòokayon Presbyteriyok... When they first had a Presbytery... (HPC)»  «`Nàason ispahchoona?' mankan. `What do you usually eat?', he said. (MBF2)»  «`Máamòosin nàasok chimilpóona?' mankan. `Well then, what is your usual food?', he said. (MBF1)»  «Agent-kóotik himàayáamiya ìisahchonkona mootok mafòokamok agentkayok àayatok ommoolo. Agents are here now too but at that time there were agents around here also. (HAI)»  «...hakchomma ilpóotík ohipahchónkona akkáhchootik ipalihchootook... ...tobacco chewing now, they would usually chew it, that's what I used to chew... (NCS)»  «Ya aati íisaaya ontíichímmòonama nákson sáhmit ontíichiitóot chasobáykobi. These Indians that live here, when they first came here, I don't know where they came from... (HAI)»  «Tòolit istamaakáhimoonama samíhchit tòolit honahohch ommihchootoska? When they start playing stickball, how did they used to start the game? (NSB)»
ona- (Loc) on, at, to  verb prefix indicating location of event on a (usually vertical) surface Var: on- before vowels  «Akkamíhchin lamátkòosit solotkahimon nàason itto lamátkòosin ahachaaliichok onasihkat anoolit. They do it pretty straight and it's going to be dried so they stand up a straight piece of wood and tie it up to it. (PSF)»
oo- (Loc)  verb prefix indicating action down in a liquid or something soft, or in the eye Var: ooy- before vowels  «`...sokchan hóokfok paanifan ostistachoomaachi', mankan. `Put me in a sack and take me and throw me in the creek', he said. (RAF)»  «...iⁿwwiilit nákson ooɬopóttoofan iⁿwwiilistóoⁿbat sánkot ikhíichok taɬɬon ooɬopóⁿtlok wiilistóobàapok lapaat wiilistòobàapok ikhìichok. It was looking for where he had crossed the water and it kept looking and couldn't find out how and it crossed to the other side and looked and looked up and down the bank but it couldn't find it (the crossing). (MBL)»
-òo- (Repet)  (nonproductive) verb suffix to primary stem to indicate repeated action   [poss. from <*ho>] [fgr]  «∥akof-fi > ɬakofòolichi.  «Chil-li > chilòoli.  «Hamof-fi > iⁿhamofòolichi.
-ooli  1.  (Evid)  on verbs indicates the speaker's commitment to the assertion or a given proposition whose polarity is questioned   [prob. from an existential auxiliary (/oo-) with stem extender -li<sup>1</sup>] [-ooli can be marked itself with Dist ho-] Var: -oo before apocopating suffixes  «`Ta! Himàakaya alíilaasoolo' mankok aatikok. `Aha!, Now everything is fine', said the man. (RAF)»  «Ha! aatik maatibiiyok ittanowwat ittanowwat nàkson ostalbinaachihchooton ostalbinàachok ìisaton maatohibistáskat. OK, the men were going hunting together and they used to set up camp somewhere so they could stay around there and hunt. (MBL)»  «Ah, nàasi míntooliisan, hotchat, hotchastobat hoɬakoofolìichok intooɬkan. Uh, that thing that was other than they expected, they shot at it and kept shooting at it and missing it so they ran away from it. (MBL)»  «`Ankánnahholòosiha hachipaahachaalaalatoolo.' `Move a little away from me, I might step on you.' (RAS)»  «Mootooma tíkkìiliiyon yáamòostik ipastobat hakchommóot sóonkastobatákkobáanon himayáhmin íilahchoolo. And since that time I have never chewed or smoked tobacco all that time up to this day. (NCS)»  «Akkamít holiphachihchommihchoolikha. That's the way they used to cure it. (PTH)»  «Akkok naho hayiskoolka hayiskoolkok hachàaloolo. He was going to build a high school there he said. (HPC)»  «1936-kayootóokáaloolo. It was in fact 1936, I believe. (NIA)»  «`Iltánkoolo' homankatoolimpakha. `He can't just be thrown out', they said. (NIA)»  «Ohimmíntahoolo. They are wrong.»  «Akkon ostooɬopoolichilahóot imalahkayon ossoofilahóot amaakahchootoolo. They were going to get them across and they went to take their family. (HAI)»  2.  (Exist)  on nouns serves as a copula in a marked rheme/focus construction  «Moolín maakaya atóklayoolín mok Federalkayok akkok iⁿfaylihchok ómmok akkok 3,071 acres. Now then, it was this next time the Federal government let them have those 3,071 acres. (HAI)»  «`Sáhmahitonka nihtootok tankootok sobayíkkon, sáhmahitonka', homanka. `What are we going to do about not knowing whether it is the day or the night, what are we going to do?' they said. (RAS)»  «`Nitak ayyáaɬootok chafáylak nakaaɬan alliilayok challáahoso.' `The bear, he was my master, he left me and took off and I'm so hungry I'm about to die.' (MBF2)»  «`Itto hislihchi óstàakayok amilpoolo' mankan. `My food is four trees standing', he said. (MBF1)»  «Tatka iwwaakooliini? Was it a white man's cow? (NIA)»  «Tatka iwwaakootoolo. It was a white man's cow. (NIA)»  «Antaatootoha intaatootoomok anchókkòotooliisan híichalihchoolikha. My father's father used to live there and I used to see that. (NWK)»  «Eh, hotchatok iⁿhoopachihchóot máamin akkáamiima ilapalaastáskat naho ifakáhchóotík iⁿhoopachit akkahchóot aatiyoolin iⁿhoopachifíhtíkkot ifaya ibihchootoolimpahchooti. Yes, if they shoot him (the bear) and wound him, then if they do that then he gets mad, and then sometimes hurts the dogs, but he never hurts the people, but they used to always kill the dogs. (NHN)»  «Fíitòoli? Is it a turkey?»  «Anoolo. That's mine.»
-óot (Det)  noun suffix indicating a nonspecific nonidentifiable particular or a choice of particulars as in `X or Y' or one from a list   [poss. -o⁴-t or -oo(li)-t (in the lgr?)]  «...nàahot nàahómmòonafòokayon Presbyteriyok hachàalayóot hobannahchoot ommitoolo. ...when they first had a Presbytery, I guess they wanted a building. (HPC)»  «...nitayok ittobóot alpittan tikbóot maastimaapittat askáalit ohibihchootoolo mootòok. [hpc]. ...bears usually are in holes in trees, so they would use something to put fire in them in order to make them come out and then they would kill them. (MBL)»  «...áhhìichat chokòolin chaafóot nàasi itto iskoolka akáhmiyon howíilok... He sat and watched while they were looking for an axe or something like that to cut the tree with... (RAS)»  «Mootooma tíkkìiliiyon yáamòostik ipastobat hakchommóot sóonkastobatákkobáanon himayáhmin íilahchoolo. And since that time I have never chewed or smoked tobacco all that time up to this day. (NCS)»  «∥óokat naho, máali icho sokhimaalokhóot icho imaalokha máalóot akkáhmin. Again then, it's the same thing, either deer or hog's brain, it's the same using either one. (PTH)»  «...okifóot paanifóot staɬɬok paanosifóot nahoomon màafon istaɬɬok aasihlit anoolok. They would take it to the water, or creek, or little spring if there was one over there, they took it and washed it thoroughly. (PBB)»  «Ya ilpa yakchiyok champoliiyóot ishohochifaton ommitooli? This food yakchi, is it that it tastes so good that it is called that? (NWK)»
-osi (Dim/Aug)  verb suffix to indicate either intensity or extremity of an action or state or incomplete effect; with nouns has diminutive sense Var: -si after /a/ and /o/ Var: -s- after /a/ and /o/ and before apocopating suffixes or vowels   [takes ggr, or fgr]  «Ifa > ifasi. Dog > puppy.»  «Himóɬɬachon aatitayyichòobok aasobòoli lapaaloson itachokóoⁿhchooton imiisafan máalon itachokóoⁿhchooton... Once there was an old woman who used to sit right beside the fire, she used to sit there in her house beside the fire. (RAS)»  «`Ankánnahholòosiha hachipaahachàalaalatoolo.' `Move a little away from me, I might step on you.' (RAS)»  «Howiilit honahohchooti kaasáalok, akkáamostoolo. They would hunt for it and make it, but for only that much (money). (PMB)»  «Miɬɬichiimok miɬɬíiⁿchòosok faytóok. They would rub it, rub it really well and then quit. (PTH)»  «Akkáamiyon anóolosok ommitooma káanot liphatoolo. If they did it all like that very thoroughly then it had just the right texture. (PTH)»  «Akkáamin hoɬoolitóobàasin aboolin maatatanátkat ohittimataplichistóobastik. So when it happened that way they (the Choctaws) chased after them but they (the Alabamas) turned off into the woods trying to trap them in a pincer movement. (HCW)»
-oska (Consq)  verb suffix indicating a causal relationship between two clauses   [-o⁴-ska]  «∥óok maakáalon intoonolaot áalot naaɬiikáaposkáamon... Then again he asked to take his job up again where he'd left off and he talked about it... (HAI)»  «Presbyterian-kayok íilamókkohchooloskáamok himaayáamin íilatoolin himaayáamifòokaya ayákhan yáhmit ayakhaasiiyon reservashi hayoyókkohchootik naho church-ka mìntootik reservashi maatáyyakhayon nàahofòokon míntayok amaamaakahchonko máakaya akkáamiiya sáhmi assíilo? There would otherwise never have been any Presbyterian denomination here, yet at this time it did come and at this time near the reservation they are not inside the reservation but there are other churches near the reservation and other people have been going over there and what do you think about it? (HPC)»  «Akkáamit nahoomon aatinaanihayok máaɬok tayyihak libatlihchóoskan aatinaanihayok naho oolimpan aatistointallimok aatinaanihak ommihchok ómmin. This is the way they did when they were going to have it, only the men, since the women cooked it, it was the men who then set out the food for them. (NSB)»
-óska (Modl)  derogative noun suffix indicating a negative or disapproving attitude towards the object  «Pàtkayóskat paawanhaamoolo. Oh, the bed is real hard.»  «Akkóskat. That old thing.»  «Okiyóskat lochaamoolo. The water is real dirty.»  «Isnóskat yahiskaamoolo. Oh, you're crying too much! (to a baby).»
ost- (Dir) go and  translocative verb prefix to indicate action performed at a distance from some reference point Var: os- before consonants  «`...sokchan hóokfok paanifan ostistachoomaachi', mankan. `Put me in a sack and take me and throw me in the creek', he said. (RAF)»  «Mánkotooma, okifan ostoopiɬkatoomok nihta námpotoolo. But if it wasn't (cured right) it's taken back and put in the water for I don't know how many days. (PTH)» P

paa- (Loc) on top  verb prefix indicating action on top of a surface or on the human back   [poss. related to /páana]  «`Ankánnahholòosiha hachipaahachàalaalatoolo.' `Move a little away from me, I might step on you.' (RAS)»
-palammi (Adv) really, very  (rare) verb suffix indicating intensity of an action  «Kanopalammoolo. Thanks very much.»  «Hompaniiyok ponnapalammi. He really knows how to play.»
po- (Pron) I, me  first person plural (noncontrol) subject/object verb prefix Var: ko- Usage: Some use the variant ko-, which is identical to the Koasati form.  «potammo. We fell.» S

-s (Conn)  verb suffix occurring most commonly before suffixes deriving from auxiliaries or on complement clauses especially before -t   [causes apocopation of certain suffixes]  «`Amanoochisti' mankan. `You seem to have finished all mine up', he said. (RAF)»  «Maskan akkáamin akkok aatimíntayok yáaliiyon paanaaɬkan áalos sáⁿhtik yáali ìisakok máaɬon `mànkobi' homankahchok ommiima. So then after that happened they wanted the other tribe to mix in here, just anybody live here, but if the ones living here had just said `no'... (HAI)»
<s>¹ (PlSj)  (nonproductive) plural formative probably related to -chi²   [prob. <ch>]  «Balàaka > balaska. To lie down (sg) > to lie down (dl).»
<s>² (Pron) you  second person singular (control) subject verb infix for stems of shape...VVCV  «Choospati. You bought it.»
-sa (Evid)  verb suffix indicating past action deduced by the speaker from circumstantial evidence   [lengthens preceding vowel of verb stems]  «Tikbok ommiisok chokòolin oɬatoha. It was evidently Fire and it was sitting there when he arrived. (MBF2)»  «Máamòosok áayaasan híichafòokok `achassikíiloomok sokchan hóokfok paanifan ostistachoomachi!' mankan. Then when he had seen him around there (the rabbit) said: `If you don't like me put me in a sack and throw me in the creek!' (RAF)»  «Màakaya intolihno míntok nàahofòokaya máafóot intoliinoyok isnakaɬtikaasáalok intoliino mínto sáhchootik maatassaliikaamon. Now different jobs have come into being (piecemeal) and they work there until the job plays out and then somehow different jobs appear. (HAI)»  «Waakisbakkomon hayíimossobaafon ohochókkolìichiisan híichalin. I found the bull's head in the big swamp where they had apparently put it. (NIA)»  «Nàasok íksofòokon íksokáamin assaliikahchíisaamon. When they didn't see anything happening one would apparently go out. (HCW)»  «Mootik píila akkáamin Presbyterian-ka maasáaⁿɬok chókkòolin reservashi hayooyon, tatkootik chokòokon aatimínta tribalka-káhchi míntootík chokòokon... But then just the Presbyterian denomination was the only kind staying inside the reservation, no whites could live here, and no other kind of Indian tribe could live here. (HPC)»
-ska (Reas) since, because  verb suffix indicating that the marked event is the reason or cause of some action  «...àayahchommitok ɬoykat ila ilaskáamok máamòosin nokɬikiichahchootohat illihchóot ommitoolo. He had been going around and he returned and when he got back he was so scared and anxious that he died. (HCW)»
-sta (Reas) since, because  verb suffix indicating event as the reason or cause of some action   [prob. -s-ta]  «Píila oolimpa akkáhmiiyon ahacháahilaskista. Then we always used to just charge the groceries. (NIA)»  «Somoyáalok yáhmit aɬɬatok atokláali ittootámmatlit aɬɬasta. One piece of moss goes this way then the next goes the opposite way, in and out. (PMB)»  «Akkon ɬahlilikha mootoskan ɬahlilimókkohchommo chasakbak aⁿhoopasta. I did tan hides then but now I can't tan hide anymore because my arms ache. (PH)»  «...onahochistóobaasaapista istitaliphat nahohchootonkan. Since you keep on pounding it for a long time they get ground up fine together, so you can't tell them apart. (PBB)»  «Akkon iisan áɬkat homaɬatliista sáhkofòokayok askahíkkostáskat iisahayomáalotik ohitahoppolat anoostoolo. They were inside the house and were very afraid so they couldn't do anything and couldn't get out and were in there for a long time, so they had to defecate apparently. (HCW)»  «Askáakahchókkota homaɬatliista aatik aatik assaliikahchiisaama máamòosin ohibiyáɬɬihchon ommin. They couldn't go out because they were scared since if anyone went out they would always kill them. (HCW)»
-stoba (Asp)  verb suffix indicating action performed over an extended period of time, either duratively or repetitively   [either ist- /toba or -s# /toba] {prob. from /toba}   [can take the lgr, and noncontrol pronominal prefixes]  «...ɬóokat maatakanáhhilok churchka-fakáalon aayìisat holisson sobáaylis<po>tóobàapin... ...again we moved over there and that's where we were, still at the church building and we went to school there for some time. (NCS)»  «Mootooma tíkkìiliiyon yáamòostik ipastobat hakchommóot sóonkastobatákkobáanon himayáhmin íilahchoolo. And since that time I have never chewed or smoked tobacco all that time up to this day. (NCS)»  «...isiimok istilaamok ilpiɬkok ɬoykaamok akkamíhchistòobasàapok... He would get one and bring him back and put him down and go back and he kept on doing that way many times. (MBL)»  «...iⁿwwiilit nákson ooɬopóttoofan iⁿwwiilistóoⁿbat sánkot ikhíichok taɬɬon ooɬopóⁿtlok wiilistóobàapok lapaat wiilistòobàapok ikhìichok. It was looking for where he had crossed the water and it kept looking and couldn't find out how and it crossed to the other side and looked and looked up and down the bank but it couldn't find it (the crossing). (MBL)» T

-t (Disc)  suffix occurring on nouns (especially in the complex suffix -óot) indicating relationship to the proposition and on nonfinite verbs indicating various discourse functions including identity of referent and simultaneity of events or adverbial modification of main proposition   [causes apocopation of certain preceding vowels or suffixes]  «Wachíinat naaɬiika! Speak English!»  «Aátit naaɬiika! Speak in Indian!»  «...iⁿwwiilit nákson ooɬopóttoofan iⁿwwiilistóoⁿbat sánkot ikhíichok taɬɬon ooɬopóⁿtlok wiilistóobàapok lapaat wiilistòobàapok ikhìichok. It was looking for where he had crossed the water and it kept looking and couldn't find out how and it crossed to the other side and looked and looked up and down the bank but it couldn't find it (the crossing). (MBL)»  «Iishayootik ìisat Chahtakok ìisat ìisaton ìisatok nihtafíinat anóokan... But the Choctaws were holed up inside a house and stayed and stayed and the Alabamas were still there when daylight came. (HCW)»  «Akkamíhchit stamaafòokok naho akkat islokóoliifòokok oolimpan islokóolifòokok oompafòokok. That's the way they used to carry on, that's the way they got together, they brought the food together and they ate it. (NHN)»  «Máamin nahotáskat máalon ostootaklit ohipatóot ommo. Then since they are that way (real hungry) they'd go over there and dip some out repeatedly and eat. (NSB)»  «Nakaɬtóot ommo màakaya. I guess it's gone now. (NWK)»  «Námpot lokòolok laawat lokòolit hochaklit yakchi iⁿɬakófkotoolo káasok. More than a couple got together, many would get together, they cleared (fields) and they wouldn't miss out on the yakchi, however. (NWK)»  «Hoɬkát akaakát náksifaakan ilpalo. We can eat sofkey or chicken, one of them.»
-ta (Cntg) since, because; so  verb suffix indicating event on which some other action is contigent; a more general sense may be to place the marked clause in the context of an unmentioned but established proposition that is part of mutual knowledge at that point in the discourse  «Ponkatispaitonkata. So you're going to feed us.»  «Afaachíkkota? So why don't you smile?»  «Chiyahkílkota? Why don't we walk?»  «Chassiyon nàahoomok chassiyok óochayok howayáachihchootohata. Then they would have corn, because long ago they used to raise corn. (PSF)»  «Oɬachiifòokayok oolakanota `oolakanotohat maatilhíichaskooko' homankok. When they arrived there, since there was peace, `there is peace, let's go see them' they said. (HCW)»  «Askáakahchókkota homaɬatliista aatik aatik assaliikahchiisaama máamòosin ohibiyáɬɬihchon ommin. They couldn't go out because they were scared since if anyone went out they would always kill them. (HCW)»  «`áhhichataskaya ishohachiⁿfaytohata. Hasnok ommoolo. Oshichatokáhaba. `Since they appointed y'all to watch over it, y'all are the ones. You are the ones to go see about it.' (NIA)»  «Roykak ìilaita achayokpo. I'm glad Roy is coming.»  «Akkáhchi nàasi óochafatliiya nihtaaya fátkohchootaamáɬɬon himaayáamiiya nihtatík hofatlihchooti. That's the way it is with the old legends, they never used to tell them in the daytime, but these days they tell them even in the daytime. (RAS)»  «Balkaamáɬɬok ittiⁿfatliimok hàalot balkatáaton ostistanòolok `moolo' mankamok `tof tof tof tof tof' homankahchi. They would lie down and tell them to each other and they would lie there listening until the person had finished and said `That's all and then they would say (spitting) `ptui ptui'. (RAS)»  «Taɬafíinaimok ittok mootonkata ittofalakto yáamòosikáhchon ɬóokat lokoolìichok. Right when she's ready to weave, she'd stand it up, usually a piece of wood, a forked stick about so big. (PMB)»  «Akkáhchókkota ommitoolo. ...but then it was not like that. (NSB)»
-taaka (Evid)  verb suffix indicating the speaker makes the statement based on hearsay evidence  «Altobatáskataakati. I hear y'all took his place.»  «Tatkak naaɬiikalin ampíchihak hochaháalotaakati chanóochiyok. My parents heard me talking English in my sleep.»  «Iisan istabatapkataako. I hear he ran into a house.»
-taka (Hort)  verb suffix exhorting the hearer to allow the speaker to perform the event  «Chimapìilataka. Let me help you.»  «Nochitaka. Let me sleep.»
-táska (Reas)  verb suffix indicating that event is the reason or cause of some past action because, so, on account of   [prob. -ta-ska]  «Máamòosin tikbakok ipatáskat maafalankat anookok. Then the fire ate and so it finally came alive. (MBF2)»  «Aatik maatibiiyok ittanowwat ittanowwat nákson ostalbinaachihchooton ostalbináachok íisaton maatohibistáskat. The men were going around hunting and they used to set up camp because they stayed around there hunting. (MBL)»  «Yók híiⁿchastohatáskat istaɬɬasbánkostòoban... Because he had seen all of it, he really didn't want to take them there. (MBL)»  «Maatakinítkok hìichalak nokbik baskistáskan maachokkalilìichok maahichatoomóskan. He was going to peek in to see and because his neck is so long he stuck it in there in order to see. (RAS)»  «Sahlichit sahlichit anoolok lochayon iⁿsoofit anoolok akkamíhchiimok talbòolikáamotáskan talbòolimok... They would scrape and finish scraping it and get rid of any black stuff, and do all that and keep working on it until it was finished being made. (PSF)»  «Eh, hotchatok iⁿhoopachihchóot máamin akkáamiima ilapalaastáskat naho ifakáhchóotík iⁿhoopachit akkahchóot aatiyoolin iⁿhoopachifíhtíkkot ifaya ibihchootoolimpahchooti. Yes, if they shoot him (the bear) and wound him, then if they do that then he gets mad, and then sometimes hurts the dogs, but he never hurts the people, but they used to always kill the dogs. (NHN)»
-ti (Asp)  proximal verb suffix indicating action in the recent past or future or narrative past   [causes apocopation of certain preceding vowels or suffixes]  «...aatikok stayóoⁿkat stayokpatoolimpaati. The man was evidently very happy about it. (RAF)»  «`Sáhmin ommitonkan hohachinnaaɬiikaimpati' homankaton. They said, `I don't know why but they want to talk to y'all'. (NIA)»  «Máamok kapachiyókkoti pokko nahoⁿ, unh, nàasok poɬachíiyok istimoɬachi ittok hobáskihchok tóklot lókkòolin pokkon istittaɬopotliimáaɬok istibihchootoolo. [nhn]. I don't mean the racquet now, the ball, something, the poɬachi, they would take it, the one with the ball goes through those two long poles standing upright and that's how they win. (NSB)»  «Nákson sáhmiti? How did it happen? (NWK)»  «Hiiyaakáalok istiltokhabòosilkooti. I guess I myself would probably be diving right in also. (NWK)»  «Sáhchootoomon aⁿfatlilaon chabannahchonkaliti. I want the older people to tell me about how it used to be. (NWK)»
-tika¹ (Hort)  verb suffix exhorting the hearer to allow some third person to perform the event   [causes apocopation of certain preceding vowels or suffixes]  «Máakaya ɬóokat nàasi mìnton, fatliba, Hanaabiya Chobóotika. Now then, tell me another one again, let it be the Big Lizard. (MBL)»  «Chimapìiltika. Let him help you.»  «Ilatika. Let him come.»  «Sáhchootika, náksok maatibitika homankahchóot akkáamikáamiya. This is how it's going to be done, who is going to do the hunting, that kind of thing, who used to say it? (NSB)»  «Ifa nòochiya balàakatika. Let sleeping dogs lie.»
-tika² (Cntrst) but, even though, although, even  verb suffix indicating a semantic contrast between marked event and some other Var: -tik Var: -tík   [causes apocopation of certain preceding vowels or suffixes]  «Ohintoonostóobáapitik. But only that for all that work. (PMB)»  «Mooliya alíilasoolo aⁿfatchitáskan akkamostík ommaikáamo. Well then, it is good that you told me this, but I think this is all I want to do. (PMB)»  «Mootik lokíikbomat solóotíkkootoolo. But then if it's not sunny it doesn't dry as it should. (PTH)»  «Máafon paatohnotík akkon hohochifáaposkáamon obaltámmin ommikha. But even though he pushed him and they put his name down (on the ballot) he got behind. (NIA)»  «...nàasi sáhtik... ...everything else... (HCW)»  «Ana annàahostobaatík óyhat stamanookókko sáamòosiiya toknaacháⁿhkaasiiya stamilastobaabíikahchoolikha. I still had a little bit but he would use up all of mine and used to just bring me back a dollar. (NIA)»  «óochaya amalahkaha ampíchiyok antaata ìisafòokaya hachàalit akostinitákkot àayalitík chachipíiⁿlaasifòokaya aalokoolifan àayalihchootoolo. In the old days my family, my mother, my father, when they were living, I didn't know a thing, or think about anything but I used to go even though I was real little, I attended church. (NCS)»  «Mottáaki hopáhkitik. It can be seen even though it is far.» Cháffáⁿhkastik tóklostik istálpìiso.» One or two would be enough.»
-tíkko (Neg)  negative stem suffix on certain verbs, especially those ending in -chi (not -li-chi) and those with unusual stem shapes  «Owwatta > owwattatíkko. To hunt > not hunt.»
-tíkkó (Contra) rather, to the contrary  verb suffix indicating the speaker is denying a prior assertion or presupposition  «Istittimíibihchi hokatíkkó... (Rather), they usually say then that they win. (NSB)»  «Hacháatákkóⁿ! Well, I'm here to stand in (someone says there is noone to take his or her place).»  «Akkok mikkofìinókkochóot ommitoolo. Fultik hachàatíkkóⁿ chintaatak intokìinoomok, Fultik hachàaliimon akkok akkáhchootoolo John Scott-kootoomok. But he wasn't the real (`first') chief. Rather, Fulton is standing there (as second chief), so if your father can't work, Fulton will stand in and that's the kind John Scott was. (NIA)»
-to (Pst)  verb suffix indicating a past action in a nonmain clause   [causes apocopation of certain preceding vowels or suffixes]  «Bitlitomáaɬok istitahaatánnatlit yáhmit istitahaatánnatlit wìikat. He began to dance and turned around like this and kept on turning around. (RAS)»  «Mánkostobatomat lapáaffiimok chalakbíima máskat... If you don't do that, it would stick to it then it would get really hard and tough. (PTH)»  «Máamiimok atakàaton náahot solotkáamon... Then they hung it up and it stays there until it dries. (PTH)»  «Askaíkkofòokayok akkáhtokáhchon ohonkahchoolikha. When they couldn't get out, that's what happened, they used to say. (HCW)»  «Akka intolihnok nàahofòokan isnakaɬtokáhch ommihchooti. When that job came here they just left off that way of doing things, I guess. (NWK)»
-toha (NarPst)  verb suffix referring to remote past events especially in historical narratives or legends, can occur medially before consequential suffixes or finally   [causes apocopation of certain preceding vowels or suffixes]  «`Ostistachoomaachichitohat áalon yáhmòosin istassaliikalitok ommo.' `Yes, you did try to throw me in and this is how I came out, with (all this stuff).' (RAF)»  «`Yáhmòosiyáalo íibilákkobi' mankáabíikatoha. `A l'il ole thing like this couldn't kill me', he kept repeating. (MBF2)»  «Chassiyon nàahoomok chassiyok óochayok howayáachihchootohata. Then they would have corn because long ago they used to raise corn. (PSF)»  «Batlit batatlit maapíɬkat sokáffit iswaliikahchootoha. One would hit him repeatedly and knock him down and scalp him and run off with it. (HCW)»  «`áhhichataskaya ishohachiⁿfaytohata. Hasnok ommoolo. Oshichatokáhaba.' `They appointed y'all to watch over it. Y'all are the ones. You are the ones to go see about it.' (NIA)»  «Naho ibisnóok naho nákson istállaakat oompahchontoha homankan háalolihchootook onkalo. Then they were sitting somewhere over here and they themselves would eat, I heard them say. (NSB)»
-toho (PstSq)  verb suffix on nonmain clauses indicating a completed action that is prior to the action of some other clause, similar to a past perfect Var: -too  «Wíhlit wíhlit ilsoofitoomon... One would look and look for it (the moss), bring it back, and put it down. (PMB)»  «Akkáamiyon anóolosok ommitooma káanot liphatoolo. If they had done it all like that very thoroughly then it had just the right texture. (PTH)»  «Mánkotooma, okifan ostoopiɬkatoomok nihta námpotoolo. But if it wasn't (cured right) it's taken back and put in the water for I don't know how many days. (PTH)»  «Howayáachifòokak honàahotóok chassin chilohkat chilohkat anooliimok kíhchon máakon, kíhcho háhpakon áaɬok. When they were raising it they had it and they would finish shelling the corn and that mortar, they would put it in the new mortar. (PSF)»
-toka (PlImp)  verb suffix to stems ending in a final -ka indicating a command  «`áhhichataskaya ishohachiⁿfaytohata. Hasnok ommoolo. Oshichatokáhaba. `They appointed y'all to watch over it. Y'all are the ones. You are the ones to go see about it.' (NIA)»
-toska (Consq)  verb suffix indicating a past condition for a subsequent action, used mainly in questions   [poss. -to-ska]  «Stoittinkánkokáhchommitoskaⁿ? Why was it that they seemed not to be getting along? (NIA)»  «Sáhmin ómmin isnakaaɬa akkáhchommitoska? Then why was it that they seemed to just abandon them like that? (NIA)»  «Akkon ɬahlilikha mootoskan ɬahlilimókkohchommo chasakbak aⁿhoopasta. I did tan hides then but now I can't tan hide anymore because my arms ache. (PTH)»  «Nàason honahohch ommihchootoska akkamíhchit anosliimok? What would they use it for when they had finished it. (PMB)»  «Mootoskan màakaya sobilaya amíksohchon ommin akkantakíhchohchooti. Since that time, now, I don't have any lye so I don't do it that way. (PSF)»  «óochaya `koskalpi' homankahchon waakaffakchi chaɬkok nàahohchootoskan akkáamiya íksobáanok ommoolo. A long time ago they used to call them `koskalpi' and they were made from strips of cowhide, they used to use them, but now they haven't had them for a long time. (PTH)»  «Ya mikko lokòolifòokon lokoohachìichifòokon 1936-káffìinotóskamailo? Then y'all elected the chiefs and then it was about 1936 when they were installed, wasn't it? (NIA)» Y

-y- (Disc)  poss. afterthought topic  «...ɬóokat ìisok aɬíhchiyyon nahotalkooson stiⁿɬombit aɬihchin stiⁿɬombit stiⁿɬombit anootok... Again, take it down, on the ends again make holes with a knife, make holes on the edges, finish making all the holes. (PTH)»  «Paspoochiikaya món nahon, histok ittatobiila nahóyyon naho, okon istitahachaalìichok... Now, for the bluebread dumplings, they used wood ashes, put water on the fire... (PBB)»  «Máamin aatinaanihok pokkon ohisiimon istittiɬoolihchootoolo, tayyihak istitayapkayyok. Then the men would get the ball and they would chase each other, especially the women would be trying to take it away. (NSB)»  «Hommayyon amalostihchoolo. I like red.»
-ya (Deic)  as a noun suffix marks new topic, including resumptive and afterthought topics; as a verb suffix marks background clauses with given information   [lengthens the final vowel of verb stems]  «Imbalàakatoha homankan homankaya háalolihchoolo. I used to hear them say he spent the night. (HPC)»  «`Talok, talok' káhchi istanóokaya. `Talok, talok' is what they say at the end. (PMM)»  «Oopofkaya? Blowing in the water? (PMM)»  «Máamin aatinaanihok pokkon ohisiimon istittiɬoolihchootoolo, tayyihak istitayapkayyok. Then the men would get the ball and they would chase each other, especially the women would be trying to take it away. (NSB)»  «Nàasok iⁿsáhmin ommitoolo staɬíinayooliyok istoɬkóomot? Whatever happened to him while he was on his way before he got there with it? (RAF)»  «Itto ittofalaktoyon hopáhkit highway-kafayáamikáamin hislichiyók istóoɬok. Some sticks, forked sticks, take them and stake them down as far away, for instance as the highway is (from the house). (PMB)»  «Somisfáhkaya ishíichatoolaaba? You've seen that moss spinning outfit, haven't you? (PTH)»  «Hasik chokòoton níhtaayok tankaayok akkáamit aɬɬaton. The sun sat there and that's the way it is going to be with the day and night. (RAS)»  «Akkáhchi nàasi óochafatliiya nihtaya fátkohchootaamáɬɬon himayaamiiya nihtatik hofatlihchooti. That's the way it is with the old stories, they didn't ever use to tell them in the daytime, but nowdays they tell them in the daytime. (RAS)»  «Kistapiyon ɬóokat itto máalon koloffok naho, taɬkat taɬkat apihchifayon iⁿsaalichit anoolok. Now then, as for the pestle, again wood is also cut, then they shave and shave off at the handle and finish scraping it. (PSF)»  «Chassiyon nàahoomok chassiyok óochayok howayáachihchootohata. Then they would have corn because long ago they used to raise corn. (PSF)»  «Hoɬkayok aatapiihomma imilpafíinamootooli. That sofkey used to be a real meal for the Indians. (PSF)»  «Paspoochiikayók talbòolit ishíichahchooli? As for the bluebread dumplings, did you used to make them yourself? (PBB)»
-yáali  1.  (Adv)  verb suffix indicating intensity of event or punctual action very, really; upon, the very minute   [-ya-áali]   [lengthens the final vowel of verb stems]  «Chayosbaayáalo. I'm really lost.»  «Ifasik wooksiiyáalo. The dog is real furry.»  «...walìikayáalon maakok tanatlok waliikatóóón... ...the minute it took off that one came down and ran and ran... (MBL)»  «Maskat óohchaasiyáaloolo. It's been a long time since then. (HAI)»  «...okimon ɬóok istoitahachaalìichok akkon okik poyatliyáalon maakon ointaklok istitahátchàaliikok poyatliimon táklok... They would put on some water again and as soon as it boils again they would dip out what had been put on to boil. (PBB)»  2.  (Modf) the very one, the one itself  noun suffix that emphatically identifies a unique particular  «Somoyáalok yáhmit aɬɬatok atokláali ittootámmatlit aɬɬasta. One piece of moss goes this way then the next goes the opposite way, in and out. (PMB)»  «Indian-kayáalókkohchi tatkon ommitoolo íibitooma? It wasn't an Indian but a white that he killed? (HAI)»  «`Yáhmòosiyáalo íibilákkobi' mankáabíikatoha. `A l'il ole thing like this couldn't kill me', he kept repeating. (MBF2)»  «Láppaaloosiyáalon yamít sannichit sannichit óyhàasin akkamíhchit anoolit. Then the one (piece) right next to it there, do this way, wring it, wring it, do it that way until it's done. (PTH)»  «Affakchiyáalon sokcha tobáachit? They made a bag out of the skin itself? (NHN)»  «Máskat aatiyáalon imbalàkatoha, imbalaakatoha homankan. But then he spent the night with an Indian, he spent the night, they said. (HPC)»  «∥óokat aatiyáaliiyok ohonkáama Taloola hokáhchootoha. Again, if the Indians themselves said it they called it `Taloola'. (HAI)»
-yáami  1.  (Modf)  noun suffix indicating something is exactly like the noun in a certain respect   [ /yáhmi]  «Maakon nàasimaalokha somo alposoohaakon nahot aamatlit anoolit naho staabohkayáamit pakpakit nàahon. That brain thing that's already been spread with moss, you finish crumbling it up and it will become frothy like soap bubbling in there. (PTH)»  «Nahoya nitaya sokhayáamit sokhayáastáskan istilachiik mok ohaboslitóot ommoono mok ohaboslit honahotóofòokok onayakchichit ohipahchootoolo, chofkonikáamiya. Well, a bear is like a pig, so since it's like a pig they would bring it and roast it all I suppose and then use it to make yakchi and that's how they'd eat it with the bones. (NHN)»  «Itto ittofalaktoyon hopáhkit hayweykafayáamikáamin hislichiyók istóoɬok. Some sticks, forked sticks, take them and stake them down as far away, for instance as the highway is (from the house). (PMB)»  2.  (Adv)  verb suffix indicating exactly that action (?)  «Istapofilkan ochana kolofka istapofilkahchon stapofkat stapofkat akkamíhchiyáamok. Then they would blow on it with a piece of cut metal blowing tube and keep blowing and that's how they would do it. (PSF)»
-yáɬɬi  1.  (Adv) always, only, ever  verb suffix indicating the exclusivity of the action  «Chichoba paapatliyáɬɬok ommin. Akkamiyáɬɬon híichalihchoolikha. Chichoba hopaapatlikáhmiyáɬɬon. They only put it on the horse, that's all I ever saw. They always used to put it on the horse. (PMB)»  «óyhàasiiyok hoɬoolin swaliikastóobaasin hoɬooliyáɬɬin... They all chased him and he kept on running and they just kept chasing him. (RAS)»  «Askáakahchókkota homaɬatliista aatik aatik assaliikahchiisaama máamòosin ohibiyáɬɬihchon ommin. They couldn't go out because they were scared since if anyone went out they would always kill them. (HCW)»  «Hichasbannaayok ilachitík ohikhíichoyáɬɬistóobaasáapok. They wanted to see them so they went but they never did see them. (HAI)»  2.  (Modf)  noun (or demonstrative pronoun) suffix indicating the noun alone  «Mootoolín naaɬiilka háhpakáamiyáɬɬiiya íksotoolin. But then there never was any of those newer kinds of preaching around here. (HPC)»  «Holokoochiimon mikkoyáɬɬon hohichahch ommihchootoska? When they elected a chief, did they used to look up to the chief alone? (NIA)»  «Iyaaniyáɬɬok intalàakatoomáaⁿɬin íisastóobasáapok intohnot ibisnáalok holihtóot tallichit náasóot achihlitoompayáɬɬok. They just had that land that was set aside, but that was all and they lived a long time like that, they worked, they built for example fences themselves, they planted things that they ate all the time. (HAI)»  «Nàasalchiyootok isnakaaɬan holisso sobaykayáɬɬok nàahon ìisahchonko himàkaya. The planting was gone and the only thing they had was the school and that's the way they lived up to this day. (HAI)»